per
Tarbiat Modares University
Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning
2322-4991
2538-2594
2017-04
7
1
1
12
article
Endogenous versus Conventional Approach to Residential Development in
Revitalize Urban Identity of Iranian Islamic Architecture
Hamed Mazaherian
1
amir keynoosh
2
Aria Keynoosh
3
Associate Professor, Factory of Architecture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
M.Archt, Factory of Architecture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
B.Archt, Factory of Architecture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Population growth in large cities in under developing countries have been forced the governments that are responsible for the provision of housing units, to seek solutions in the sphere of urban housing are desirable. Extensive experience in various countries, including the United States of America in the
years after World War II, the sample debut experience of this, which in contemporary era have been tested. Ekbatan before the Islamic Revolution in Iran and the seal housing in the eighties and nineties such that each location during the suburbs are. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential of the Urban Distressed Areas and Urban structure important in shaping the city center, in order to provide housing and create a vitality of space in the form of social life, in contrast to the suburban areas. In this paper, a review of the Literature and the International Treaties in the field of Housing and Urban Development Strategy Documents, deals, also present paper studies the past two decades of experience in the field of Mass Housing, analyzes the positive achievements and negative consequences arising from the various policies. Finally, based on the research findings to develop the
advantages of sites within the city, especially urban distressed areas. In the upcoming strategy paper “rational argument” is used as a research strategy. This article is mostly “Descriptive and Analytical” is. In this paper, using the strategy of “Rational Argument” technique “Analyzers of the Content”, “reasonable inference”, and tries to classify content, and thus to develop a coherent way to achieve the target pave. The main issue of this study is to investigate the consequences of inappropriate social, cultural and urban development of the city outskirts, and relying on the “reasoning” description of the research and development projects based on the remaking of old and important housing within the cities logical. The results showed improper factors marginal urban housing development include: 1. Lack of
Participation 2. Households Cultural Exchange 3. The problems of Access to the Towns of Origin 4. The
Cost of Providing Infrastructure 5. The difficulty of Macro Management -6Conflict Patterns of Life 7. Adverse
Environmental Effects 8. Social Insecurity It is also important factors in selected urban distressed areas
and to provide affordable housing include 1. The Recovery of the Initial Nuclear Generating Urban
areas 2. Diversification of Activities in Single Activity Centers 3. Raising the Level of Security 4. The Cost
reduction and enables the Creation of Parallel Supplement 5. Easy of Macro Management 6. Ability
to Develop the Project 7. The Participation of Households’ 8. Growth Economic Value of Historic Areas
10. Control the Inappropriate Development of the City. The results show that the Endogenous versus
Conventional Approach to Residential Development in Historic Cities more appropriate.
1. Introduction
Why Population Growth and the need to Achieve Long-Term Solutions to the provision of housing, is
the main concern for metropolitan policy?
Actions on housing supply in all countries and global macroeconomic management. Measures such
as the UN Conference on residential areas in June 1996 in Istanbul Turkey, issues of human settlements
development and management in the 21st-century look. The projects under the United Nations
Human Settlements Program “UN-HABITAT “The former United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
was called by the defense, setting policy, capacity building, knowledge creation and strengthening
partnerships Governments and civil society to support the sustainable development of human
settlements. It is also responsible for the international community to help improve the lives of at least
hundred million slum dwellers Millennium Development Goal of reducing by half the proportion of
people without access to safe drinking water, permanent 2020 to fulfill. as part of the Declaration
stated, “We have come together to take this opportunity and the global goals of” adequate shelter for
all “and become human settlement safer, healthier, more capability for life, more equitable, sustainable
and effective, we endorse. We have two major themes of the conference, “adequate shelter for all”
this situation analyzed a large number of theories and approaches to urban planning and design with
qualified, small and certain human scales within the scope of local community and the findings make
them far away from their own positive traditions and their appropriate native cultural identification.
A historical survey on global experiences in policy making for neighborhood exceptional pattern
indicate the common problem of destroying self-oriented social relations and a concept of collective
life in such neighborhoods which undeniably cause to destroy the feeling of social cohesion and
continually losing of social capital in neighborhood pattern. Also the existence of high population
which makes congested neighborhoods may lay suitable backgrounds for committing social crimes
and damages which in turn directly influence the perception of the dwellers’ security and safety.
Studies conducted include two different textures of a neighborhood and the research process is
based on recognizing coherence between anti-social behavior and design variables in the pattern of
residential neighborhood.
In summary, the article studies two different textures in the selected neighborhood and compare
them to find the relation between the abnormal behavior and the type and pattern of the residential
places in there.
Conclusion:
Assessment of the neighborhood dwellers about their living places influences the level or extent
of the achieving objectives and success in urban projects. Also by recognizing factors contributing
on inhabitants’ degree of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, and understanding available conditions
regarding residence quality, the future approaches have been suggested for promoting the environment
qualitative level and prevention from a repetition of some inappropriate actions in other places.
In the literature, satisfaction from environmental appearance has been considered as a key criterion
for the evaluation of the degree of environmental quality. This is due to the important fact that the
high-quality environment is defined as an environment which brings the high level of satisfaction feelings
to its population through socio-cultural and physical means.
http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-6130-en.pdf
Urban Housing
Urban Fringe Development
Revitalize Urban Identity
Iranian Islamic Architecture
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning
2322-4991
2538-2594
2017-04
7
1
13
20
article
Unstable Condition of Housing in Tehran: Disruption or
Dynamism
M. Kamyar
1
Ali Akbar Taghvaea
2
Reza Khazaei
3
Encyclopedia Foundation of Iran, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology.
Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University.
Master of Iranian Studies, History, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
Using Non-Islamic patterns in residential architecture in Iran, any logic has led to disruption in the
belt form of residential architecture of Iran. Such disrupted conditions have been also found in
social relations. Change in composition and method of distribution of residential texture in the form
of evacuation of downtown and old regions and growth of sub-urbanism without the development of
citizenship are some aspects of the crisis in the social condition of housing and social behavior in the City of
Tehran. The above effects will result in abnormal behaviors which are automatically extended to social
disturbances.
Statistical studies on the modern forms of residential buildings in Tehran which are designed as high
rises are followed and frequency of the antisocial events in this type of housing has been appraised.
The present study comprises the residential areas that have been included in the urban design of Iran
influenced by western societies and the related norms and contradictions have been compared in the
behavior of the residents of single unit houses, multiunit houses and residential complexes.
Analyzing the spatial perception in the assessment and evaluation regarding the environmental
satisfaction based on the visual perception of the districts pattern evolution is the subject under
discussion in this article. “Visual satisfaction of the surrounding environment” has been formed by
analyzing the data that may be used as a tool for achieving visual perception and conception in
urban spaces as well as introducing the effective factors contributing to the satisfaction and/or
dissatisfaction of the citizens.
Introduction:
Furthermore, this study presents an analysis of evaluation of urban structure environmental perception.
Assessment of phenomena such as Abundance of antisocial events, decrease the dependence
and interest of the citizens regarding their environment, disorganization, and disturbances in the
environment appearance, have been performed in the residential districts texture. Evaluation of the
extent of the environmental dissatisfaction includes a wide range of factors which totally reflect the
value of environmental quality. The next step is to study the visual perception and conception “mental
the arrangement of surrounding environment visual structure” with the method of structural factors
analysis of assessment of the space. Structural factor analysis and its comparison with the identification
and evaluation of the qualitative model of factors contributing to dissatisfaction in residential
environments under study will also discuss the priority of undesirable residential environment visual
factors. Finally, the research conducted on details of the crisis of social disorders that have already been
analyzed and indicates that evaluation of the extent of visual-environmental dissatisfaction include a
wide range of factors and that the district textures and built for do not follow any framework without
identification of cultural index such that in case of any failure in the prevention of such a condition, it may
lead to the social identity crisis.
Literature:
Environment appearance structure is the most important element influencing on urban communities
which may increase or decrease interaction among individuals with the environment surrounding
them. The importance of each element contributing in appearance components in urban spaces,
causes to form documentary theories such as (CPTED).
In inclination towards foreseeing and equalizing the objectives, methods, and solutions, responding to
the various demands and needs in different cities and communitieshas already been failed. Reaction to
this situation analyzed a large number of theories and approaches for urban planning and design with
qualified, small and certain human scales within the scope of local community and the findings make
them far away from their own positive traditions and their appropriate native cultural identification.
A historical survey on global experiences in policy making for neighborhood excerptional pattern
indicate the common problem of destroying self-oriented social relations and concept of collective
life in such neighborhoods which undeniably cause to destroy the feeling of social cohision and
continually losing of social capital in neighborhood pattern. Also the existence of high population
which makes conjested neighborhoods may lay suitable backgrounds for committing social crimes
and damages which in turn directly influence the perception of the dwellers’ security and safety.
Studies conducted include two different textures of a neighborhood and the research process is
based on recognizing coherence between anti-social behavior and design variables in the pattern of
residential neighborhood.
In summary, the article studies two different textures in the selected neighborhood and compare
them to find the relation between the abnormal behaviour and the type and pattern of the residential
places in there.
Conclusion:
Assessment of the neighbourhood dwellers about their living places influences the level or extent
of the achieving objectives and success in urban projects. Also by recognizing factors contributing
on inhabitants’ degree of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, and understanding available conditions
regarding residence quality, the future approaches have been sugested for promoting the environment
qualitative level and prevention from repetition of some inappropriate actions in other places.
In the literature, satisfaction from environmental appearance has been considered as a key criterion
for the evaluation of the degree of environment quality. This is due to the important fact that the
high-quality environment is defined as an environment which brings a high level of satisfaction feelings
to its population through socio-cultural and physical means.
http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-481-en.pdf
housing in Tehran
Islamic housing
high rise
social anomie
housing anomie
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning
2322-4991
2538-2594
2017-04
7
1
21
36
article
Identifying and Analyzing the Factors Affecting Responsive Environment in Neighborhoods from the Perspective of the Islamic Worldview
minou gharehbaglou
1
ahad nezhadebrahimi
2
maliheh javidmehr
3
Tabriz University of Islamic Art, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning
Tabriz University of Islamic Art, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning
Tabriz University of Islamic Art, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning
Increasing the city’s population and changing human's life to mechanical style, leads to fading out to pay attention to public life and ultimately degrades the quality of human life. Todays, responding to the material and spiritual needs concurrently, as two important needs, is the main issue in the urban environment management. In this regard, due to the traditional structure of the Islamic cities, which was formed by a number of neighborhoods, tasks of these neighborhoods are such as communication, solidarity creation, and the resident’s needs satisfaction. In this context, this study aimed to extract criteria, in order to environmental response of neighborhoods from the perspective of the Islamic thought, was formulated with the citations to the Islamic reliable sources. This article tries to answer these fundamental questions, including: Fist, from the perspective of the Islamic worldview, the responsive environment in terms of human presence includes what kind of guidelines and criteria? And second, how these principles and criteria in the neighborhoods are defined?
The concept of the responsive environments was proposed by Bentley for the first time in the Western studies. Bently established the specific criteria of the aforementioned concept and finally its related criteria were used widely in their own meaning. In this study, bringing up the mentioned issue and using the particular expression of it, actually does not mean the positive attitude of all the aspects of that completely and by default. Because, if there is a positive view on the environmental responsiveness before expanding it, then all the points of that issue as well as derived theory and expression are accepted. However, the main purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the Islamic response criteria in the neighborhoods based on the extension and customization of the general criteria of response environment which are proposed by Bently. In addition, the criteria which are derived from the Islamic response were compared comprehensively with the Western ones. The aim is not acceptable in the Islamic Studies. Meanwhile the correct way to enter these issues and present its criteria will be possible only by relying on the original definition of the environmental responsiveness. The definition of environmental responsiveness is as follows: the responsiveness capacity of any environment is in relation with its aspects of its design features. Therefore, the responsiveness condition can affect users’ satisfaction and their quality of life. The main emphasis here is on the quality users’ satisfaction, which can be raised as a main issue of the challenge between considering the Islamic and non-Islamic thoughts. In this study, the main theoretical argument is that the satisfaction of what human aspects should be considered in the Islamic environmental plan. It can be established better and more accurately related to the Bentley theory and can be carried on an issue by focusing on the common and different aspects.
The first step in this research is conducted via using a qualitative approach to the study of descriptive-analytical method, which is based on documentary research, library content analysis of the literature on the responding approach from the perspective of the Western studies and the Islamic thoughts. In order to better understand the Islamic aspects, it is needed to assess the western view similarly. Then, after identifying and defining the criteria, which would base on the Western studies, an extensive interdisciplinary study related to the Islamic thoughts is conducted. In this regard, among the available resources of the Islam religion, the Quran as the encyclopedia of the Islam religion, hadiths, Fiqh, narrations and sayings of great contemporary Islamic scholars interacting with architecture and Urbanism resources are used. In addition, the criteria of the aforementioned approach are extracted and the comprehensive theoretical framework is developed. The introduced criteria among the reliable resources, which are extracted from three main parts, are presented as follows: 1. Referring to the text of the Quran and extracting the verses related to the mentioned issue, 2. Studying hadiths which are directly or indirectly referred to the considered discussion and have offered recommendations or suggestions, and 3. The sayings, the narrations of the Islamic researchers in this field via considering available resources have stated their interpretation and inferred to better represent the issue's literature.
Due to the nature of the fundamental theoretical research, first, the qualitative approach was discussed, using the content analysis of issue's literature on the environmental response approach from the perspectives of the Western and Islamic thoughts. In addition, the criteria of these approaches were extracted, among these criteria which could be referred to linking with nature and the manifestation of heaven on earth, due to the various reasons such as magnitude, geometry, proportions, simplicity, moderation in construction, hierarchy, introspection, social solidarity, compliance with residents’ needs, vitality, vibrancy and dynamism, security, identity and sense of belonging, the basis for the formation of the unified Ummah and holding ceremonies, basis for thinking, and justice in the allocation of facilities from the perspective of the Islamic thought. Then, these criteria are presented into four general categories includes physical, functional, perceptual, and finally spiritual characteristics. Finally, a comparative study was carried out between the responsive environmental criteria from the perspective of Islamic and western thought focuces of neighborhoods design and discussed the way of manifestation. These criteria can be descriptive and prescriptive. Descriptive criteria aim to describe the Islamic environment, which means that there is a criterion and should be displayed. The concluded criteria which were recommended and prescribed for the Muslims, means that there is no criterion and should take steps to create it. The axioms of the Islam thoughts cover both approaches, because the Islam can provide both a worthy description of the humans’ insights and accordingly prescribe. Therefore, the Islamic principles will be responsive, if applied to all of the humans’ needs. The responsiveness will go ahead, in order to satisfy God, which is a main goal in the responsiveness. So even a person may be dissatisfied, apparently of the criteria implementation, but will benefit in practice from the responsiveness of it. Due to the adoption of the Islamic thought in achieving a responsive environment in neighborhoods, all aspects of human life were considered. Extracting the criteria of the environmental responsiveness from the perspective of the Islamic thoughts and comparing them with the criteria of the Western studies show that some of western responsiveness criteria had close links with the Islamic responsiveness criteria.
As in a research category which relates to the physical aspects, it could be seen the mentioned linkage includes: 1. Visual proportions relate to the magnitude, geometry and proportions, and 2. Density of land use with relates to the simplicity and moderation in construction and as the same way in functional and perceptual aspects, which these communications exist. The obtained results show that in contrast to the Western views, which was focused only on the physical and sometimes carnal aspects during the life of humans. The Islamic criteria of the Iranian-islamic neighborhoods have a significant impact on three spheres include physical, carnal and spiritual life of man. In addition, they have a special attention on the spiritual aspect and could be used to better respond to transcendent needs of citizens in the neighborhoods.
http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-4321-en.pdf
responsive environment
Islamic worldview
human
urban neighborhoods
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning
2322-4991
2538-2594
2017-04
7
1
37
48
article
Explaining appropriate colors for residential sub-spaces based on Islamic teachings
mohammad mannan raeesi
m.raeesi@qom.ac.ir
1
S. samar shahpasand
2
Assistant Professor of Architecture, Qom University, Qom, Iran
Master of Architecture, University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
The subject of color and color psychology and its impact on mind and human body always had an important place in the debate about architecture. This issue considered by researchers how can a color with its own characteristics affect humans as user space. However, the impact not having much discussion and main debate is on the extent and severity of the impact on human beings. This research deals with the same issue, But with the difference that it intends to examine the effects of color on humans from an Islamic perspective, specifically the psychology of color in housing and residential spaces from the perspective of Islam. Residential use in this study were selected because, firstly, so far, few studies have done in the field of color psychology in residential spaces, especially based on Islamic teachings, and secondly, a significant part of human life is spent in this type of environment, so research in this regard, is crucial.
The main question of this research is that according to Islamic teachings (especially verses and hadiths) each of color in terms of psychological and physiological effects on human and due to this effect, what colors are more desirable for different spaces in residential use. The purpose of this study is to derive applied results about the use of colors in the residential spaces according to their characteristics.
Search in religious texts is done by using two main sources. To search in the verses, we have used the Quran as a book of divine revelations and to explore hadiths, “jame-al-ahadith” software have been used, which contains hundreds of narrative books. After searching the key words related to the colors mentioned above in this resource, those verses and hadiths that allow inference architectural results for residential spaces were analyzed using qualitative content method and finally, the results of this analysis are explained in the presented table in conclusion section of the paper.
So far, limited research has been done on the psychology of color in residential spaces, but most of these researches refer to their applications in architecture. But these researches mainly investigated experimental studies on colors and their properties and Islamic teachings are not affected on the formation of their elements (including theoretical foundation, questions, goals, etc.). However, in some internal research, Islamic teachings on the psychology of color are discussed. But what distinguishes this paper from other researches is that other researches have not been lead to particular results to use in architecture, especially in residential spaces. Thus we have tried to resolve this scientific gap by citing Islamic teachings.
Before explain the fact that according to Islam, what colors are suitable for what residential spaces, this important topic must be addressed primarily that basically what is the proper housing from an Islamic perspective? Obviously, the explanation of all of the components of the adequate housing cannot be included in a brief research, Therefore, in this article, just those housing components that communicate with the color in architecture (directly or indirectly) are addressed. After extracting the components, it was observed that the impact domain is not the same and at least they can be classified in two general macro and micro level.
Macro components can be placed in two categories:
1. Attention to Islamic culture of society: The purpose of taking into account culture in defining adequate accommodation is that although using of the experiences of other nations and cultures (both past and present) is desirable, but it should be used in such a way that with utilizes them, principles, values and beliefs of society do not be undermined, national identity does not get any damage, does not publish dissenting opinions in society, and finally be evaluated and selected with criteria that derived from native culture.
2. Attention to different levels of human life: Coordination of dimensions and characteristics of residential spaces with different levels of human life has special significance, while the information received from the environment to human should steer and accompanied him in the direction of excellence and growth.
On the other hand, micro components can be classified into five groups:
1. Preserve and improve the quality of family relationships: Home as a container for life and human interactions should have certain characteristics. According to Islam strongly recommend to maintaining ties with family and extended family interaction and communication, color as a crucial factor in the quality of the environment and the quality of people interactions can play a significant role.
2. Comfort and tranquility in housing: Human requires peace in many ways, due to the different realms of human life and color plays a significant role in this regard.
3. Avoid physical individuation of housing: According to Islamic teachings, housing should not be a tool for showing off, displays the owner's wealth and pride. So, we should avoid certain colors that cause physical individuation of the buildings adjacent to each other.
4. The extent of housing: While in the Qur'an, squander is forbidden and According to some traditions, housing that is not needed is abominable but in hadiths, large houses are ordered. So it can be deduced that in the area of housing, should follow moderation, and be warned of extremes. But in recent times that for various reasons, many residential buildings (including apartments) are not large enough, psychologically, we can use different color effects to show inner spaces wider (such as living room, bedrooms, etc.).
5. Home adornment: About adornment and beauty of the home, numerous traditions have been narrated. It is obvious that color as an important visual tool that play an undeniably role in beauty of residential spaces.
Then, explain the colors suit for the residential spaces will be discussed. Based on studies in Quranic verses and hadiths, an important feature of the yellow color is produced happiness and excitement and suitable for spaces such as living room, dining-room and reading room (library). Blue is relaxing and thought-provoking and so, for the bedroom and reading room (library) is suitable. It is also relatively favorable for living and dining room. Red triggers feelings and exciting and so, for spaces such as dining rooms and athletic spaces is suitable. Green is fun and relaxing and is great for bedrooms, living and dining room. It is relatively desirable and suitable for spaces that are used for study (such as library). White color is also relaxing and cool. It is appropriate for most spaces such as the kitchen, bedroom and living room and dining and especially health spaces (such as bathrooms and toilets). At the end, black is tragic and debilitating instincts and cannot be used in any residential sub-spaces.
It should be noted that the results of this study represent a significant wealth of Islamic resources to draw applied conclusions in some specialized areas of architecture and what was inferred, indicated the need to reflect more on the resources in other professional fields of architecture which seems to not have been properly scrutinized.
http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-709-en.pdf
Color
Islam
housing
Psychology
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning
2322-4991
2538-2594
2017-04
7
1
49
58
article
Survey about affection of devotion on the educational spaces forming In Iran in the Islamic period
Jamal aldin Mahdinejad1
1
Mahin Moghimi
2
Associate professor, Shahid Rajaee university, PhD of architecture, Tehran, Iran
Master of art, architecture, Shahid Rajaee university, Tehran, Iran
Increasing level of education and culture is one aim of benefactors for god sake and improvement of the society. This head is available with construction and devoting the educational centers with specifying sacred for supporting it’s building and human costs and steady activity of educational and cultural activity. The sacred has affected so much on foundation and continuous life of the institutions and economic, cultural and social centers and could have been caused effective movement in establishing schools and scientific and researching centers. It is natural that study and researching in this field could be appropriate guide for expanding the devoting culture and leading the facilities of the society toward preparing appropriate beds for education, research and the other similar ones.
You can observe with one glance at the appearance and skeletal texture of Iranian cities that donation element have had an important role in most of the urban components and elements which had a major role in the performance and life of urban life. Many of infrastructure and superstructure in complex biological have been built by people without the government's duty to make them feel. However, in cases the governors had also a venerable role in the construction of such devoted collections throughout Islamic history of Iran. In addition that the devotion had many important social and economic functions in everyday life and urban activities was so important in organization and production of public urban spaces from the social and economic points of view. It can be viewed and tracked that the skeleton role of devotion was to create and construct from the smallest structural elements such as mosques, schools, public bathrooms, Cisterns, Saqakhaneh, lighting and little bazaars to forming and producing the biggest urban spaces like Bazaars and devotion collections. Most of the buildings with the function of public which also belong to cultural and historical heritage of an Islamic society were devoted. The survival of devotions in bed time should been searched in the great role of devoting.
Mostly the mosques were the teaching places in the first centuries and actually there was no other place for religious education until the late third centuries of immigration. Gradually by increasing the number of students who were come from far away to meet the professor in the first of fourth centuries and their need to residence, made many problems with interference between two educational and religious functions in the same building so it made obvious the need of constructing an independent building.in this case some schools were constructed by the kings and benefactors in some cities such as Bokhara, Balkh, Neyshabur, Ghazneh and some other. The Beyhaghiyeh School and Sadie school in Neyshabur were in this category which in addition to have teaching place had Chambers for habitation of students and devoted for supplying the costs of school. At first this personal schools were the professor’s house as a teaching place to his students. In this situation care and school administration was probably to someone who was also the establisher and also the teacher and it inherited a family tradition from generation to next generation.
Following the establishment of schools in fourth century, a turning Point was created in the life of students and in fact a kind of social insurance was prepared and it was because of the certain rights and once pension that devotion had made for them. In the fifth century when the Nezamiyeh Schools had Foundation, Nezam Almok stated that education is all free and even the students have regular fellowship to study. In Nezamiyeh Schools the teachers were paid a fee for their job and it was based on their information and Scientific grades.
After establishing the schools and free education, devote tradition and extensive reformation of Ghazan Khan Period that resuscitate the economics of the country, construction of building that were for the use of generic and their benefits used for other construction of mosques and schools. In the will of these devotions for schools, every detail was determined such as educational program, the method of education and even the content of the lessons. In the wills of devoted buildings different functions had been determined. In addition of educational function and generic aspects and social functions, they specified a place for praying hall which sometimes it was not for generic use and the entrance of these spaces should have been separated for people and students access. And people could not get inside the school. In this way the student remained comfortable.
This tradition also followed in Tymuryan period but culminated in Safavid period. By Safavid ruling, the growth and development of Schools had new Motivation. One of the indexes of safavid Series that marked prodigious social - political and religious developments in Iran was recognition of religion of Shi'a. Another development in safavid era was the relative independence of Schools. The old tradition of devotion was a method for Schools to save their relative independence from court. The tipping competition between benefactors was too much in Isfahan in the latest of safavid era that they had to look for lands in other provinces for devoting Schools and mosques.
Education in Ghajar period was mostly in school at the primary level and in scientific schools at excellent level that both of these two none governmental organizations were influenced by religious atmosphere to teach the religious sciences before constructing the schools in new style by the foreigners.
This research which has been studied in historical- descriptive format does explain about devoting and its effects on the educational and skeletal program of schools in the past. This study shows that most of the educational centers have been created by construction and devoting scientific schools and supplying the financial sources for their human and building costs and in Iran in Islamic period, extension of devotions led to lots and lots of efflorescence and most part of these devotions had a great income and this happening caused the efflorescence of educational and scientific religious structure of that era.
http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-599-en.pdf
devote
educational spaces
mosque-school
scientific schools
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning
2322-4991
2538-2594
2017-04
7
1
59
72
article
Developments of Islamic Architectural Art in Central Asia
During the 10th-11th AH
(Relying on some remarkable examples of this era)
Anahita Moghbeli
1
Associate Professor, Department of Art, Payame Noor University, PhD in Art Research
Islamic architecture has included all architectural aesthetic elements with mystic viewpoints; however, this art shows different indicators according to developments in each period and region, which distinguishes it from other periods and demonstrates the culture of that specific region. This article studies Islamic architecture of Central Asia and changes in the early 16th/10th to late 17th AD/11th AH, respectively. In this regard, it briefly explains political, social, and cultural conditions of Central Asia in the mentioned period, which indicates the effectiveness of social conditions for architectural art, decorations, construction materials, and finally growth and progression or decline and stagnation. The architectural works created in this region have the most significant executive facades with highly pleasant designs, not only in Samarkand and Bukhara, but also in the entire Central Asia.
Among the main problems that prevent researchers from investigating Islamic architecture is lack of access to major historical monuments. Therefore, to select the samples and buildings of this article, some important types of Islamic architecture such as schools and mosques are emphasized.
The research method of this article is historical-analytical, in which social dimensions of the mentioned periods are considered through a scientific approach.
Most of the books in this regard have been written in the original language, some in English and a few in Farsi. Since this study is focused on visual details, documentary photography images with high resolution are needed.
1-1. Objectives:
1. Examining developments in Islamic architectural art and its special features in Central Asia during the 16th-17thAD/ 10th-11thAH;
2. Introducing remarkable monuments related to the 16th-17thAD/ 10th-11thAH in Central Asia and comparing their remarkable similarities and differences
1-2. Research questions
1- What are remarkable similarities and differences among Islamic architectural works in Central Asia during the 16th-17thAD/ 10th-11thAH?
2- What are remarkable monuments and major architectural centers in Central Asia during the 16th-17thAD/ 10th-11thAH?
Contemporary with Uzbek Sheybani dynasty in the 16th/10th AD/AH and Ashtarkhanian in the 17th AD/11th AH, a reduction in the political and economic contact between Central Asia and other countries as well as intensity of internal conflicts in the region led to social crisis along with architectural and urban decline in this region. But in general, it is possible to state that, in the second half of the 16th AD/10th AH, building construction and architectural processes have been almost improved and constructing new public and cultural buildings as well as bridges, caravan paths and roads, cellars, caravanserais, bathrooms, firms, schools, monasteries, mosques, and cemeteries have undergone a growing process.
The most important features of architecture in the 16th AD/10th AH have been reflected in Bukhara's monuments such as Mir Arab and Abdullah Khan Schools and the new wall around Bukhara. Also, a famous bridge has been built over Zarafshan River, and Sheybani School has been constructed at the beginning of the century in Samarkand. Also, Ulugh Beg School, located in this city, has been restored and repaired.
Kalan Mosque, Boland Mosque, Haji Zeynolabedin Mosque, Tashkand Siunji Khan Tomb, and Abdollatif Sultan School (Kook Gonbad) in Uratapeh city in modern Tajikistan are some examples of the buildings constructed during this period. Charbekr Architectural Complex in Bukhara can also be added to the list.
By studying the buildings in Central Asia during the 16th AD/10th AH, it can be inferred that traditional and modern methods beside each other has been mostly applied in mosques and schools. But, regarding public buildings, there has been a tendency to construct modern buildings. Also, in constructing Central Asian buildings of the period, some innovations can be observed in terms of the design and plan of domes and cupolas and also great attention has been paid to the proportionality of size of domes to surface area of buildings.
Gradual evolution of decorations is remarkable in the middle of the 16th AD and 10th AH. In architectural art of the first half of the 16th AD/10th AH, Timurid traditions have been continued. For the decoration of monuments, inlay and brick tiles with different patterns and suitable blue, white, and indigo colors, which are considered the basis of decoration in this period, have been used in extensive fields. Enameled clays with golden patterns also have a special ranking for the decoration of monuments in this period.
In the second half of the 16th AD/10th AH, decoration in luxurious buildings has been changed and relatively cheap and simple decoration materials such as white plaster and colors have been used; however, there is no decline in architectural art and artists have created significant masterpieces using the cheapest materials and tools.
Great and comprehensive architectural collections, including Kalan Mosque and Mir Arab School, suggest a non-breakable bond between religion and science. Also, in the crossroads of some streets, they have constructed four-sided buildings as well as arches and caravanserais along the street. A combination of such monuments has given a special look to squares, crossroads, and streets, all of which demonstrate urbanism art of the period.
In the 17th AD/11th AH, the huge amount of constructions, which represents architectural features of Bukhara in the 16th AD/10th AH, has been reduced; but, great collections still exist. Architecture in this period has been influenced by high-ranking Uzbek tribes who had a large amount of money available for construction, by which they intended to gain some fame and record names in history. Rigestan Square across from Ulugh Beg School can be mentioned as a mirror image of this school in Samarkand. View of Shirdar School is exactly the same as that of Ulugh Beg School, which is architecturally similar to buildings in Timuid dynasty; but, numerous innovations can be found in the details of building design and its decorations. Glided Mosque-School in Rigestan, Samarkand, is a building which is a mosque and a school at the same time. On three sides of the yard, there are chambers and the mosque is located on the fourth side. Great Pool Architectural Collection, which is known as "Labe Hoz", is another building that includes a pool, a school, and a small monastery. Ulugh Beg and Abdulaziz Khan Schools in city of Bukhara, which are located across from each other, are also remarkable examples of this era. It is worth mentioning that constructing the two monuments across from each other has been one of the new ways invented by the architecture of that era.
In general, architecture of the 17th AD/11th AH in Central Asia has undergone a decline with greater attention paid to decorations, which can be found from the extensive use of inlay and tiling arts. Architects of the 17th AD/11th AH have continued the decoration style of the two previous centuries and partly had some accomplishments in this field, especially in plastering which is distinguished from other works owing to its complexities and delicacies.
Condition of the next period in Central Asia could not significantly help the growth of architecture and art. The first half of the 18th AD/12th AH has witnessed economic recession, intensified civil war conditions, destruction of cities and villages, civil uprisings, reappearance of attacks and invasions, and attacks from bedouin and strangers. It is natural that no important architectural and artful monument or work has been left from such a dark and turbulent period.
http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-674-en.pdf
“Islamic architectural developments”
“Central Asian architectural decorations”
“16th AD/10th AH”
“17th AD/11th AH”
per
Tarbiat Modares University
Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning
2322-4991
2538-2594
2017-04
7
1
73
84
article
Reviews and compare Mehr housing units built with the principles and criteria Urban and architecture of Iranian - Islamic
(Area of study: City Borojerd)
Hamidreza Saremi
saremi@modares.ac.ir
1
Mahsa Hedayatian
2
SeyedSaeed Alavi
3
Faculty member of Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tehran, Iran.
Lecturer in the Department of Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd Branch, Iran
Master of Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
The Iranian architecture is one of the richest local architectural samples in the world that its achievements are undeniable. Features such as civility, autonomy, avoidance of absurdity and … were used as main branches in the architecture of ancient monuments. With advent of Islam and its spread in Iran, Iranian architecture was combined with values derived from religious and created the Iranian-Islamic rich architecture principles. In the historical monuments of Iranian cities including Boroujerd, it can be seen the application of Iranian-Islamic rich architecture such as harmony with nature, security, identity and … in that period. After decade 1300 and by opening the doors of Iran to the world countries, the western architecture entered in Iran and it has prevailed in competition with Islamic-Iranian architecture and after that, the Iranian buildings were built with western principles. The architecture that was very different with Islamic-Iranian culture and perhaps it was in conflict with it that its prominent sample can be seen in the contemporary houses including Maskan Mehr, a program which has been in the government agenda in order to provide house for low-income people.
In the last half-century, inter-family distinction has increased dramatically and its internal congruence has changed. in other hand, Urban growth and increasing middle class has increased External similarities in families. the terms as such as "middle class", "low-income group" etc are signs of "same view" viewpoint. In the West the family is known as an entity through which Most legitimate emotional and sexual relationship and wealth transfer are possible and includes parents and one or two children. Parents often work together and come home in the evenings and home is becoming dormitories. But in Iran, Families in both quality and quantity terms is more varied and multiple. Presence of children over 20 years old and relatives(Grandfather, grandmother and . . .) in a iranian home has very high possible.
Art and culture of this zone combined with new factors. Principles, customs, Religious Ceremonies, spirits, ethical, thoughts, and ideas of generations and other human features are presenting not only in massive buildings but in Small buildings, and is such entwined with the essence of existence Iranian architecture that its effect can be traced in all past Architectural monuments.
Islamic-Iranian Architecture has a bilateral relationship with nature, Such a way In all architectural monuments of the cities a summary of the nature is created. in the Islamic-Iranian city, Buildings have a central courtyard where residents have the opportunity to see the sky, stars and sun and inside it there are also waterfront and plants. So, the small-scale relationship with nature in house and in closest state is created. materials used in Building Construction include natural material and specially Soil which has not The destructive effects on natural environment and When Building is destroyed this materials are Recyclable and reusable. In addition, The orientation of these buildings is in a way which it best utilization natural factors (Sunshine, Winds, precipitations) is possible. While in some parts due to the needs by creating elements such as Windward and areas such as Bedchamber and Shvadan convert possible Natural threats into opportunities. also The use water resources is doing So that do not cause Pollution of it and maximum exploitation from this resource can be possible.
it must be said , unfortunately , Islamic architecture in iran has distanced from its Islamic and indigenous form , and created overt and covert problems , including loss of natural light location , impose many restriction . Koran's emphasis is on the home location and this residence before its physical concept have metaphysical meaning and means a dwelling and calm spirit , and it requires that templates of forms of housing in Islamic community will be realizes based on this meaning. therefore in this model , architectural pattern is prior to the mold and idea oriented . on the other hand , spirit shapes in the form and templates.
Examining the trend of change housing at different time telling the story of transformation of this space . housing pattern used prior to 1300 is very different with current pattern . home in its Iranian and also Islamic sense. House in its Iranian view is a completely enclosed space that constructed based on minorities and cultural condition of its time and use all places and circumstances in the best way. In this type of housing , there is comfort along with psychological , visual and audio security , and its residents have been living in the appropriate environment.
After 1300s , architecture of iran following West was changed that was in conflict in all areas . this contemporary home conflict is obvious . examining the Maskan Mehr in Borojerd showed this conflict better . studies show that Maskan Mehr in Borojerd have not bean constructed according to Iranian – Islamic model none of Iranian – Islamic architectural principle do not have been observed , so that with following West architecture and culture , Iranian values have been ignored and houses have been constructed similar to west's houses. In this respect the privacy( visual , audio, security) of the home have not been observed. If door is opened , you can see the interior of the house . house spaces in these houses is include closed space that most of its parts are scrambled , and person should define this space . space in these house is worth by objects not by elements such as walls . floors and ceilings.
The purpose of this study is to present an Islamic-Iranian model in the Maskan Mehr and The methodology of this thesis is descriptive-analytical that some part of its data were collected as library method and the other part is provided via field visit and completing questionnaire.
The results indicate that the Maskan Mehr in the light of architecture, based on observations and experts, features of Islamic-Iranian architecture can't be seen in that and the application of western architecture is evident inside the building and also its façade.
http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-694-en.pdf
Islamic-Iranian architecture
housing
Maskan Mehr