@article{ author = {Taghvaei, Ali Akbar and Sheikhi, Saba and Kookhaei, Tahereh}, title = {Assessment of factors affecting the rights of pedestrians according to the principles of citizenship rights in Islam}, abstract ={One of the most important aspects of presence of citizens in urban spaces, that enhances their vitality and their effective social roles, is “moving on foot”. Nowadays, in many urban spaces, motion of a large number of citizens, who like to walk here and there in the cities, is affected by various factors. Dissatisfaction of pedestrians due to the limitation of urban spaces has a relationship with the violation of their rights. Citizenship rights, is one of the issues to be considered in Islam and is highly encouraged in respecting human values. A citizen, is an official member of a city, state or country and because of that, there are rights and responsibilities for him/her that have been assigned in law. In fact, citizenship right is a combination of duties and responsibilities of citizens in relation to each other, to the local and to the national government. In Islam, the rights and responsibilities that are known as the citizens’ rights are indigenous with the laws and regulations that have been known and assigned as Islamic human rights. These rights that must be strongly respected by Muslims, include civil, human, social, political, cultural and judicial rights. By studying some samples of justice in the Holy Qur’an, one can notice that “justice” involves all the issues which related to human beings. Some of the meanings of justice in Qur›an which have connection with citizenship rights in Muslim community include: placing everything in their right places, proper and accurate application of everything, respect for individual rights and the prevention of injury and trespassing, saving and prevention extremes, equality with other people and prevention and prohibition of superiority. Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him) also mentioned justice as a factor for protecting and defending human beings’ right. He emphasized justice as the main criterion for all individual, social, moral, material, physical, spiritual, political and non-political rights. In this article, citizenship right is discussed from the perspective of justice in Islam. Justice is an important factor in the formation of the Islamic city. City is a complex structure that in every moment is influenced by three factors, «body or the built form», «population» and «social relations». So, establishment of justice in Islamic city is the function of (1) establishment of justice in the physical framework of a city, (2)fairly citizens use of urban facilities, (3) establishment of justice regarding to the citizens’ cultural aspects and issues (4) establishment of justice in the behavior of citizens with the physical framework of the city. The balance of the city framework, justice in the rational provision and distribution of municipal facilities, with access to the city authorities, fighting against oppression, good placement of urban facilities and their proximity and accessibility are all the signs of justice in urban scale. But in small-scale there are principles that following them, shows the importance of respecting pedestrians› rights and social justice, such as respect for human worth and dignity, good proportionality between dimensions of space and the characteristics of mental and physical organism of the human body, making the relationship between nature and human, and respect for other people, “La zarar va La zerar rule in Islam”, individual privacy, creating visual beauty and many other issue of these kinds. This study sought to evaluate the impact of these factors in violation of the rights of pedestrians, in the study area (intersection of Jalal Ale Ahmad and Chamran Highway to Kargar-e-shomali Street and Fatemi Intersection) as one of the areas with high pedestrian traffic. The statistical population of this study are the pedestrians who use these paths (the study area) at different times of the day and night. Research methodology is analytical-explanatory and based on field study. So on the basis of pedestrians and authorities views that was found through the researchand the principles of justice in Islam in relation to citizenship rights, six sets of criteria for the analysis citizenship rights of pedestrianscan be defined: Continuity, short distances, beauty, security, safety and comfort.A hierarchical model which intends to determine and analyze the factors that affect the rights of pedestrians in the study area has been used as well as “Expert Choice” software to evaluate the model. The results were obtained for the measures, on the basis of priority including security, safety, short distances, comfort, continuity and beauty. This means that in the study area, security had the greater role on the rights of pedestrians, and beauty has the least importance than others. On the basis of the principles of justice in Islam in relation to rights of citizens and with the issues which obtained in technical studies and expert opinions, the criteria which can affect pedestrian rights were found. For analysis of data, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, and for the importance of options, a questionnaire have been used. “Delphi Method” was also used to evaluate the importance of the criteria and sub criteria. AHP, according to its special features in the issues related to urban planning is a useful and desirable application. It is useful because it prepared a context for analysis and conversion of complex issues to a logical and simple hierarchy, thus planners can evaluate options with criteria and sub criteria. In addition, it also helps in analyzing the compatibility review in judgments. Given that most issues in urban planning and design can be studied through qualitative and quantitative indicators, the possibility of simultaneous use of both qualitative and quantitative criteria in AHP method made it a powerful tool for analyzing urban issues. Flexibility, ease of calculation and the possibility of final rankings also are other advantages of AHP method which can help in the investigation of Issues in urban planning. So, citizenship rights as a manifestation of the principle of justice in the Muslim community should be considered in Islamic cities. The results of the research show that urban management is the most important factor in relation with violation and defense of pedestrians’ rights. Other factors are: the way people behave in adjacent spaces, the behavior of the owners of vehicles and the behavior of other users at the urban spaces. Security is also the most important factor for pedestrians, the lack of it, is a type of violation of their rights. The current problematic situation of pedestrians’ rights is the result of years’ lack of planning and implementing the rights of individuals to neglect issues of implementation of the management system, but the planners and designers can enhance the present situation through a integrated comprehensive and coordinated planning. This program should be associated with all aspects of planning, design and management of the system. Thus, the crucial role of urban management in connection with the rights of pedestrians in designing new cities, in regularization of towns, in allocating of funds for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of urban road networks and the regulation of urban laws (like appropriate legislation and ordinances to bring about the changes in the culture of citizens who are either walking or riding in urban spaces), as the main tools for managing short and average trips within the city, and the most appropriate manner, must have the highest priority.}, Keywords = {Citizenship rights,Pedestrians’ rights in Islam,justice,AHP technique,Delphi technique}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {5-17}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {ارزیابی عوامل مؤثر بر حقوق عابران پیاده با توجه به اصول حقوق شهروندی در اسلام}, abstract_fa ={یکی از مهم ترین جنب ههای حضور در فضاهای شهری که سبب سرزندگی و افزایش نقش اجتماعی آن ها م یشود، حرکت پیاده است. امروزه در بسیاری از فضاهای شهری حرکت این گروه از شهروندان که جمعیت بزرگی را نیز به خود اختصاص م یدهند، تحت تأثیر عوامل گونا گون، دچار اختال شده است. عدم رضایتمندی عابران از فضاهای شهری به نوعی با تضییع حقوق آن ها در ارتباط است. حقوق شهروندی، ازجمله مسائلی است که در اسام بسیار به آن توجه شده و بر رعایت ارز شهای انسانی بسیار تأ کید شده است. این تحقیق به دنبال بررسی میزان تأثیر این عوامل در تضییع حقوق عابران در محدوده مطالعاتی )تقاطع بزرگراه جال آل احمد و چمران تا خیابان کارگ رشمالی تقاطع فاطمی(؛ ب هعنوان یکی از نواحی با حجم تردد بالای پیاده؛ است. روش تحقیق تحلیلی-ا کتشافی و بر اساس مطالعات میدانی است. برمبنای اصولی که از دیدگاه عدل در اسام در ارتباط با حقوق شهروندی می توان استخراج نمود و با بررسی مسائل موجود و نظرات کارشناسان، و برای یافتن اهمیت گزین هها از )AHP( معیارهایی به دست آمد. در تحلیل داده ها از فن فرآیند تحلیل سلس همراتبی پرسشنامه استفاده گردید. بررسی اهمیت معیارها و زیرمعیارها نیز با روش دلفی صورت گرفت. یافت هها بیان داشت که مدیریت شهری مه مترین عامل در ارتباط با حقوق عابران پیاده است و سپس سایر عوامل؛ رفتار سا کنین فضاهای مجاور، رفتار دارندگان وسایل نقلیه و رفتار سایر استفاده کنندگان فضا است؛ بنابراین با توجه به نقش تعیی نکننده مدیریت شهری در ارتباط با حقوق عابران پیاده بایستی در طراحی شهرهای جدید، ساماندهی شهرهای موجود، تخصیص منابع مالی برای توسعه شبکه راه ها و بازسازی و بهسازی آ نها و در تدوین مقررات به پیاد هروی ب هعنوان اصل یترین شیوه جابجایی درو نشهری و مناس بترین شیوه سفرهای کوتاه، بالاترین اولویت داده شود.}, keywords_fa = {حقوق عابران پیاده,حقوق شهروندی در اسلام,عدل,فرآیند تحلیل سلس همراتبی}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-2298-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-2298-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Khabazi, Mostafa and fahimifar, Asghar and Eshtehardian, Ehsanallah and Nohesara, Maryam and rohanifard, Zohreh}, title = {Geotouristic evaluation of hot-water fountains using modified Pralong method Case study: Cheshmeh- Abgarm-Jooshan fountain of Kerman}, abstract ={Tourism industry is one the most successful industries of the world in in perspective of gaining income. Gaining of plenteous currency incomes, extension of cultural scientific relations, creating occupations directly and indirectly and representation of country›s security and stability are considered among consequences and achievements of its extension in every country. In today competitive world, various countries, with introducing their touristic graces try to improve their economic status. One of various kinds of tourism which is recently introduced is Geotourism. This word is an intercourse term composed from two words geo with the meaning of earth and tourism. Geotourism is a particular form of tourism industry in which geological tourism is the focus of attention. Experts collectively agree on this matter that Geotourism creates a great potential for many regions which don’t have touristic prosperity. Geotourism industry was formally born in the world in 1955. About 150 to 200 years ago in England, Adam Sedvic for the first time provided geology tours for those who were interested. Lifetime of Woodvardin University museum returns to 1728, this is the first public museum dedicated to applied geology in geology organization which is outfitted with tools of geology interpretation since that date. In midst 1990s Geotourism was increasingly discussed and studied among tourism industry, politicians, advocates of environment protection, geographers, geologists and similar scientific assemblies. Leaders of Geotourism in the world were those who had intercourse studies and activities. For example, Dr. Thomas E. House well known with English name House was the first one in the world who after Adam Sedvic provided an academic definition for Geotourism in 1995 and in this definition has introduced Geotourism something above aesthetical attitude to geological phenomena. Another world leader is professor Russ Kingston Dowling who has many books in various grounds of tourism, ecotourism and finally Geotourism and this is while purely geological attitude to Geotourism in most cases is confined to geo diversity studies and takes the scholar away from contents of geological interpretations and intercourse and multicourse studies of tourism. In 2006, Russ Kingston Dowling and David Newsum in (universal) Geotourism book by extensive drafting of attention to geological tourism, provided a logical answer to Jonathan Tortolut 3 from national geography magazine of America (2012) who simply believes that visiting of all historical –cultural – natural heritages (so that helps stable development and local societies) is Geotourism. In Iran, many students and scholars have worked for introducing Geotourism. One year after Mohammadhasan Nabavi suggestion in 1378 in eighteenth seminar of geology regarding identification of beauties of country›s earth, the work of identifying beauties and geology diversity of the country began. After that in 2006, Alireza Amri Kazemi and Abbas Mehrpouya entered a list of Iran geological diversity to fifth chapter of Geotourism book written by Ross Dowling and David Newsum. Many specialized studies have been performed about surveying of mineral and thermal springs in Iran but lees work is done on touristic aspects of theses springs. Therefore, providing a method for evaluation of touristic value of thermal springs as an important Geotourism in our country is a task which is not surveyed. In this study, a method for evaluation of Geotourism value is offered based on modified Pralong method. For reaching to the score of spring tourism beauty, scientific, cultural, efficiency and economical scales have been investigated in the format of Pralong model. Since Pralong model only notes scales and subscales of tourism score, it has been modified using experts› views. This method addresses evaluation of tourism scaleand place efficiency scale. Its tourism scale can be analyzed and assessed from four aspects: outward beauty, scientific, cultural – historical and social – economical. Tourism scale of a place is obtained from average of these four scale and weight of any of aspects of tourism scale is not more or less than others. Place outward beauty scale addresses its visual and spectacular aspects. Scientific scale is assessed based on criterions like scarcity and didactic position. In evaluation of cultural scale artistic aspects and cultural conventions of the place are emphasized and finally, economic value of each place depends on its exploitable characteristics and Entrepreneurship in the ground of tourism and recreation. In Pralong method, scales and subscales have equal weight in relation to each other, while in multi scale decision making methods usually weight of scales and subscales are different. Especially in the debate of Iran Geotourism equating of these scales won›t entail correct results. Since weight determination was a difficult task, people were asked to categorize scales in precedence order and then regarding to precedence, scales and subscales were weighed. For weighing the following formula was used. In this formula, Wi is i th scale weight and Ri precedence of scale i and n is the number of scales. With several rounds of field study and attendance in the region and obtained raw data, scores of scales were calculated according to tables 4 to 9 with two methods of Pralong and modified Pralong. These numbers show the tourism scale of region as 0.379 in Pralong method and 0.441 in modified Pralong. These numbers are indicative of a favorable status in understudy region in respect of creating touristic recreational facilities for developing a geotouristic system. Of course, %16 growth of modified Pralong score shows more attention to this region regarding to Iranian reporters point of view toward Mr. Pralong view, so that even in its neighborhood another system for creating a geo park is notable (figure 6). But despite the regions potential capabilities, the level and quality of efficiency was evaluated low. Of course regarding to weights of modified Pralong method, this level with %37 growth is in high intermediate category which shows lower efficiency expectancy level of Iranian society than Mr. Pralong method. Then, still some tasks should be done for increasing efficiency quality of this spring and despite implementation of the design of country›s water therapy development and provision of universal design of Joshan hot water by Oghaf organization, effective measurements have not yet been performed for right exploitation of the region. Joshan hot water spring due to closeness to center of province, possessing therapeutic attribute, existence of novel geomorphological and geological perspectives and appropriate weather condition in case of observation of stable tourism principle, decentralization and budget assignment, development of infrastructural, sanitarian, residential and recreational facilities and exertion of service and facility standards can turn to one of the greatest hydrotherapy centers in southeast of the country. One of advantages of the method offered in this study is the calculation of development effect of each of mentioned facilities in increasing the level of tourism score of this Geotourism. Even with evaluation of this method, we can have a comparison between various places in relation with each other for other Geotourism regions of the province.}, Keywords = {Geotourism,Pralong method,Kerman,hot spring}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {18-28}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {روش ارزیابی ژئوتوریسم چشمه های آبگرم به روش پرالونگ اصلاح شده (مطالعه موردی: آبگرم جوشان کرمان)}, abstract_fa ={صاحب نظران در این امر توافق دارند که ژئوتوریسم که در آن توریسم زمین شناختی در کانون توجّه قرار می گیرد، پتانسیل عظیمی برای مناطقی که رونق توریستی ندارند به وجود می آورد. لذا برای ارتقا صنعت توریسم بررسی قابلیت های ژئوتوریستی هر منطقه و ارزیابی آن بسیار حائز اهمیت است. در این مقاله روشی برای ارزیابی ارزش گردشگری ژئوتوریسم بر مبنای روش پرالونگ اصلاح شده ارائه شد. با مطالعه کتابخان های و اسنادی و برای رسیدن به امتیاز گردشگری ژئوتوریسم، معیارهای عیار زیبایی، علمی، فرهنگی، بهر هوری و اقتصادی در قالب مدل پرالونگ موردبررسی واقع شدند. البته برای وزن دهی معیارها با استفاده ازنظر خبرگان روش پرالونگ مورد اصاح قرار گرفت. لذا در این روش برخاف روش پرالونگ معیارها دارای وزن یکسان نیستند. برای مشخص شدن کارایی روش ارائه شده چشمه آبگرم جوشان، بزرگ ترین و مشهورترین چشمه ی آ بمعدنی استان کرمان مطالعه و ارزیابی شد. برای این منظور امتیاز معیارها و درنهایت امتیاز گردشگری چشمه با دو روش پرالونگ و پرالونگ اصلاح شده موردمحاسبه قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان از رشد 16 درصدی امتیاز روش پرالونگ اصلا حشده نسبت به روش مرسوم دارد. لذا این منطقه با توجه به نظر خبرگان ایرانی نسبت به نظر پرالونگ نیازمند توجه قابل تأمل است. از سوی دیگر با » ژئوپارک « بیشتر است، بطوریکه حتی در مجاورت آن سامان ههای دیگری برای ایجاد یک توجه به اوزان روش پرالونگ اصلاح شده میزان و کیفیت بهره وری با رشد 37 درصدی در رده متوسط بالا قرار م یگیرد که نشان از سطح توقع بهر هوری کمتر جامعه ایرانی نسبت به روش پرالونگ دارد.}, keywords_fa = {ژئوتوریسم,روش پرالونگ,چشمه آبگرم,کرمان}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-11584-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-11584-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {FarshidNik, Farzane and Afhami, Reza and Ansari, Mojtaba and Nabavi, Lotfollah}, title = {The Role of Dynamic Equilibrium in the Continuous Perception of in Iranian Islamic Urbanism}, abstract ={The establishment of new Isfahan by Shah Abbas was the climax of Safavid architecture. Isfahan wasn’t a new built Islamic city. Actually new capital was constructed beside the ancient city by safavid monarchs aimed to show the glory and Victory of Shiite Islam as opposed to Ottoman dynasty’s capital city. Safavid developed the city Space and added new urban areas to previous one , but new development was aimed to exhibit a great vision of Shiite capital that show both the religious belief and the power of Safavid Dynasty. The main part of new development is Naghsh e Jahan square as the greatest example of Persian Architecture in which the most important public buildings organized around the square: on one side stands the Shah›s mosque , on the other one the Shah›s oratory, called the mosque of Sheikh Lutfallah , opposite side, Ali Qapu royal pavilion that opens in behind onto a large pleasure walkway (Chahar Bagh) and the grand bazaar led to the old mosque on Fridays, the symbolic relationship of religion , government and trade as the various social Factors in public life. This urban square is the most significant and most elegant composition of Safavid world view and Isfahan School philosophical belief to combine the Mystical and religious aspects of human life with everyday life, as a representation of most important Islamic orders that reject the retreating of everyday life in order to worship god. Cooperation a large number of artists and philosophers Shaped one of the most significant periods of Iranian art and architecture in the Safavid capital and the architecture of Isfahan in Safavid era is an obvious sample that shows the close relationship between architecture and philosophy. Affected by thoughts of philosophical school of Isfahan, previous rules of architectural and urban design changed and the role of the audience in perception of space became more important than before. Probably in this period the pure Shiite architecture was represented in all levels, from urban space to architectural atmosphere and even architectural ornaments, but the most important innovation of Architectural design of this era was the enhancement of Audience role as a part of meaning making process of spaces. In other word, Isfahan Safavid Architecture participate persons with their spatial flow of Dynamic spaces to show and allow him to practice the metaphysical sense of Architectural concepts in various contexts from urban area to interior spaces. In this way, the form and space arrangement designed to fulfill the designer’s aim simultaneously. this paper focuses on the combination of form and spatial arrangement design in sheikh Lutfallah mosque how leads in to a new concept , in which not only the structure doesn’t comply with site limitation or inner architectural design necessities, but also the asymmetrical arrangement of dome and main portal contradict main Islamic design principles , in order to create a symmetrical that changes the audience usual mental / visual behavior to understand the building concept and right spatial flow of unusual interior design. Sheikh Lutfallah mosque was the first structure constructed in the new Isfahan. Around the mihrab are the names of the Twelve Shi’i Imams, and the inscription contains the names of Shaykh Lutfallah, Ostad Muahmmad Reza Isfahani (the engineer), and Baqir al- Banai (the calligrapher who wrote it). Its construction stretched over sixteen long years. Mihrab date’s show that it was completed around 1618. The plan of this mosque is rather unusual , compared with the Shah Mosque, the design of the Sheikh Lutf Allah Mosque is quite simple. There is no courtyard and there are no interior iwans. The building itself consists of a flattened dome resting on a square dome chamber. Though, in contranst to the simple structure of this mosque, the decoration of both interior and exterior is exceedingly complex, and in its construction the finest materials were used and the most talented craftsmen employed. Ali Reza Abbasi, the leading calligrapher at the court of Shah Abbas , has decorated the entrance, above the door , with majestic inscriptions with the names and titles of Shah Abbas, the Husayni and the Musavi, that is , the descendants of Imams Husayn and Musa.The inscriptions of the Mosque reflect matters that were preoccupying the shah around the time it was built ; namely the need to define Twelver Shiism. In Sheikh Lutfallah Mosque , the emphasis on the role of theaudience and his participation in process of perception of space seems that has been done by creating a dynamic equilibrium method. Placement of the dome and portico of this mosque, Is such that the audience faces from the beginning with a series of interconnected perceptions linked so makes it possible to detect the concept of interior space within the outdoor area. This study tries to show how this continual perception process designed to shape the audience perception to understand the building as continuity. Article tries to show the role of dynamic equilibrium visual perception of outdoor form of building and inner spaces to create this sense and how the asymmetrical placement of dome in relation to mosque portal creates that. Research used descriptive –analytical method and library resources , to show the reasoning process of this different architectural design as a case study that changes the lateral symmetry and static equilibrium design as a dominant rule in Persian architecture to create a special relationship between audience and building in Shah Abbas’ private mosque as an important building of Isfahan school of Safavid architecture. Results shows that environmental constraints and square master plan don’t play any role in shaping the mosque plan and the designers have a clear goal to change it to achieve their special spatial and visual structure they intend derived from views of philosophy school of Isfahan. The buildings in whole, is such that audience as subject, be faced with a set of continual dynamic equilibrium that shapes audience perceptions so he would become part of process that create the meaning of space.}, Keywords = {design process,audience,dynamic equilibrium}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {30-40}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {نقش تعادل پویا در شهرسازی اسلامی ایرانی عصر صفوی}, abstract_fa ={در عصر صفوی، تحت تأثیر مکتب اصفهان و ب هویژه رواج و گسترش اندیشه های معنایی شیعی، نقش مخاطب در ادراک فضا اهمیت عمده ای یافت که این مهم در ساخت بناهای متفاوت ازجمله مساجد این دوره، آشکار است. در مسجد شیخ لطف الله، عاوه بر توجه به اهمیت نقش مخاطب، فرآیند شرکت دادن او در جریانِ ادراک فضا و درگیرکردن حرکت او با کانسپت معماری نیز قابل مشاهده است که این امر از طریق ایجاد تعادل پویا صورت گرفته است. پژوهش حاضر به روش توصیفی، به بررسی جایگاه مسجد شیخ لط فالله از منظر فرآیند فکری در طراحی پیوسته معماری و شهر می پردازد. مسئلهآ غازینا ین پژوهش، بررسی دلایل عدولا ین بناا زا رزش های غالب معماریا یرانیا زجمله تقارن و تعادل محوری و گرایش به نوعی تعادل ناپایدار در طراحی است. نتایج تحلیل نشان می دهد که این بنا با هدف ایجاد رابطه ای جدید میان مخاطب، به عنوان فاعل شناسا و ایجاد فرآیند ادرا کی پیوسته میان شهر و بنا، به طرح تعادل ناپایدار در طراحی پرداخته تا زنجیره پیوسته ای را از تجارب بیرونی فرم و تجارب درونی فضا شکل داده و مخاطب را در کنشی فعال با مفاهیم درونی ساختمان درگیر نموده و او را به جزیی از این فرآیند ادرا کی بدل سازد.}, keywords_fa = {فرایند طراحی,مخاطب,تعادل پویا}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-7847-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-7847-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Eshrati, Parastoo and Hanachi, Pirooz}, title = {A new definition of the concept of cultural landscape based on its formation process}, abstract ={Abstract: Early people had made groups on the world and formed the first basis for group life in this way. The interactions of groups with nature occurred separately from the personal ones. Therefore, not only groups of people got affected by nature; but also the untouched nature recorded some footprints of peoples› lifestyles and was not anymore untouched. This interaction between indigenous people and nature over time shaped the cultural landscape as a secondary phenomenon. Although lots of definitions have been presented for this concept, there has not been any inclusive and exclusive definition based on cultural landscape formation process and being regardless of time and geographical and cultural context in order to bring attention to the many and complex aspects of this concept. Therefore, by reviewing and analyzing documents and theories as well as using qualitative research method and content analysis strategy, this paper seeks to achieve a level of understanding about this concept to determine the alphabet for cultural landscape recognition in order to present a new definition for it. To approach the main objective of this paper, redefining the cultural landscape; two main components affecting the formation of cultural landscapes, nature and culture, should be taken into consideration. Having a precise look at cultural landscape literature, it is indicated that two components, in different approaches and as a result with various terms; have formed the basis for cultural landscape definition. In spite of many applicable definitions in geographical and cultural contexts; the necessity for presenting a redefinition for cultural landscapes that have the capacity to be generalized based on their formation processes has been understood. In order to approach the proposed definition, refining the basic concepts in formation processes of cultural landscapes and choosing the most comprehensive key words are investigated. Cultural landscape is known as the result of interaction between people and nature. But the question is that which nature? The initial untouched nature? Or the touched one? And the more important question is that what is called as nature? Is it the environment? Or the ecosystem? Or something else? Having a brief look at cultural landscape definitions and explanations, it can be understood that many words used as synonyms with regards to this issue; are not in fact synonyms; and this occurs due to lack of fixed and correct definitions and consensus on them. By examining the words used as equivalents of the word nature in current definitions of cultural landscape and analyzing them from the point of view of this paper, considering the fact the word “nature” is believed to be untouched from human being interventions, emphasizing on the influence of human in the word “landscape”, not using the phrase “geographical context” widely and colloquially, and the ambiguity of the phrase “environment” regarding the amount of human intervention; in this paper, applying these words and phrases are avoided. The word “ecosystem” owning to its comprehensiveness in covering universe phenomenon and offering a clearer position of human being, has been chosen as the alternative for the word nature. On the other hand, with putting emphasis on the fact that cultural landscape resulted from group interaction, and not individual ones with nature; the need for paying attention to the issue of culture becomes obvious. Having highlighted that the aim of this paper is not presenting a definition of culture; the four channels of knowledge of ecosystems, including science, philosophy, mysticism, and religion as the four main components of culture formation are introduced. After that, the position of the four channels of ecosystem recognition in the culture is defined. Thus, the formation process of cultural landscape based on the four channels of knowledge is refined in a scheme that becomes as the underlying layer for redefining cultural landscape based on its formation process. In this paper, science refers to “ethnic knowledge”. Ethnic knowledge is referred to those kind of information that have been achieved by indigenous people of a specific area about their ecosystem or have gained from other ethnic groups and nationalities. The indigenous people have applied them in their practical knowledge during filtration, which has its own process and does not fit in the range of the question of thisresearch. The indigenous knowledge is used in order to enable or facilitate the possibility of inhabitancy in the geographic environment for that people, with certain beliefs and traditions, and therefore it can be called “indigenous applied knowledge”. The second channel is philosophy. It refers to that of indigenous people rather than great philosophers’ opinions; as in science, indigenous knowledge attracted more attention than great theatrical breakthroughs. The third component is mysticism. The purpose of mysticism is “to recognize the quality of human life” and as two quantitative and qualitative dimensions used to be and are integral; so, whether it is paid attention to or not, mysticism exists in every moment of human life. Religion is the fourth component. Religion refers to a set of rules and orders that have been revealed through revelation for the divine prophets. These rules have had a great role in shaping cultural landscape of societies. Thus, the formation process of each cultural landscape is presented on a scheme that its key components are the four channels of knowledge toward the ecosystem, the ecosystem and culture. Considering the proposed scheme, cultural landscape is redefined in this paper as followed: cultural landscape refers to that part of the gregarious interaction of indigenous people of a micro-ecosystem with it; those people have gained a common understanding toward the entire ecosystem and the micro-ecosystem over the passage of time and consequently have established a common culture. Moreover, they have left objective (tangible) or subjective (intangible) signs in that micro-ecosystem as a result of their interaction that can be recognized by being subjected to careful scrutiny. The main advantage of the proposed scheme and the definition of cultural landscape of this paper is the ability to produce diverse outputs and thus the identification of cultural landscape products in different natural and cultural contexts.}, Keywords = {Cultural Landscape,Formation Process,New Definition,Ecosystem,Culture}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {42-51}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {تعریفی نوین از مفهوم منظر فرهنگی مبتنی بر فرآیند شکل گیری آن}, abstract_fa ={منظر فرهنگی محصول فرآیند تعامل انسان و طبیعت درگذر زمان است. هر چند تعاریف متعددی از این مفهوم ارائه شده، اما تا کنون تعریفی جامع ومانع که با تکیه بر فرآیند شکل گیری منظرهای فرهنگی و فارغ از بسترهای زمانی، جغرافیایی و فرهنگی ابعاد گسترده و پیچیده ی این مفهوم را مدنظر قرار داده باشد، ارائه نگردیده است. ازای نرو، مقاله حاضر از طریق بازخوانی و وا کاوی اسناد و نظری هها، با بهر هگیری از روش پژوهش کیفی و راهبرد تحلیل محتوا، در پی دست یافتن به سطحی از شناخت نسبت به این مفهوم و تعیین الفبای شناخت منظر فرهنگی ب همنظور ارائه تعریفی نوین از آن است. برای نزدیک شدن به هدف اصلی این مقاله، یعنی ارائه تعریفی نوین از منظر فرهنگی، ابتدا تدقیق دو مؤلفه اصلی اثرگذار در شکل گیری منظرهای فرهنگی شامل طبیعت و فرهنگ پیش گرفته م یشود. در پی آن واژه ا کوسیستم به واسطه جامع نگری ب هعنوان جایگزین طبیعت انتخاب می گردد و مجاری چهارگانه ی شناخت نسبت به ا کوسیستم شامل علم، فلسفه، عرفان و مذهب ب هعنوان زیربنای فرهنگ تبیین م یشوند. ب های نترتیب فرآیند شک لگیری منظ رهای فرهنگی مبتنی بر مجاری چهارگانه ی شناخت در نوعی طرح واره ترسیم می شود که زیربنای بازتعریف منظر فرهنگی مبتنی بر فرآیند شکل گیری آن خواهد بود.}, keywords_fa = {منظر فرهنگی,فرآیند شکل گیری,تعریفی نوین,ا کوسیستم,فرهنگ}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-10142-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-10142-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Kiani, Mostafa and Behjou, Ashkan and RastianTehrani, Noushi}, title = {Spatial continuity in contemporary Iranian architecture}, abstract ={Spatial continuity particularly continuity between inside and outside is a concept that man always was looking forward to express it in architecture. It is a trait for expanding a restricted area and relating the spaces to other adjacent spaces in order to have more physical-visual or intellectual-moral motions. Although the boundaries of spaces create spatial order and specify the quality of space, on the other hand, one another trait of architecture is continuity which leads to dynamism and motion. A continuous space is opposite to a closed and interrupted one, so in such spaces there is a spatial locomotion towards horizontal and vertical axis. These motions cause transparency and mobility towards the bulk of materials such as walls and columns in a way that the paths of moving or the directions of the sight are continuous. In the field of architectural expressions, continuity has several types and in this case, one of the categories can be noticed. This classification include four cases such as Historical, Cultural–social, Natural and Spatial continuity. Any of them has its definition, but in what follows, the spatial continuity will be described in detail. Spatial continuity can be studied in four states: First, the interior and exterior; in this case, besides the continuity makes perspective expansion, it inspires the concept of «being inside». The user requires both inside and outside spaces, and also the ability to move between these two spaces. Therefore, the architect should visualize and form inside and outside as a unit concept. Second case, between two interior spaces; flexible interior space, diversity and maximize capacity of space can be achieved in this way. Third, in an interior; this kind of continuity is more understood in a large enclosed space such as a church or a mosque. The fourth state, in the space outside the building; in open spaces or urban spaces can be observed. Any interior space may have continuation in six axes. Spatial continuity can be established through some architectural features, these factors include: Transparent layers; the most important factor to create continuity between two spaces. Transparency can be made by embedding the openings, doors and windows. Axis; axis represent the directions and correlate different elements to each other. In other words, axes connect spaces like a string. Although axes can be defined in various ways, two directions are often stronger than the others because the orientation of human kind is based on the horizontal and vertical direction. Rhythm and Repetition; the most important and most tangible factors that can represent spatial continuity are rhythm and repetition. Continuation and repetition are the basis of continuity. Continuation of surfaces; shared elements between the two spaces arouses a sense of continuity to the spectator. Continuity will be well understood when the surfaces of the floor, wall or ceiling of a space stretches to another space. Intermediate space; intermediate space (the third space) is one of the main factors of continuity and sequencing of architectural elements. Although this item separate two spaces, it causes the continuation without any separation between them. In each ancient and modern architecture, new methods can be observed, trying to show spatial continuity. In modern age, progress in technology and release of Classic principals (norms) caused the best type of continuity. Modern architects reduced the confliction of inside and outside and ignored the role of walls as separator elements by eliminating the boundaries of interior space. Modern architecture incorporated inside and outside to let them form one unique continuous space, without any difference between interior and exterior space. Spatial continuity in modern architecture: In modern architecture a continuous space is created by eliminating or neglecting the role of walls (separators). Therefore, there is no difference remains between inside and outside. The boundaries have become smooth, so visual continuity and accordingly, spatial continuity arises. In other words the walls lose their existence and permanency, the conflict of inside and outside is eliminated therefore the meaning of inside is weakened. The same as universal architecture, there are some rules in ancient Iranian architecture to represent spatial continuity, however mentioning the spiritual and moral sides of continuity. Iranian architectural space include three categories from the primitive time: closed, covered and open spaces. These three mainsubspaces define the whole space. Room, as a closed space, porch (Ivan) as a semi closed one and the yard as an open space. Iranian architects always try to track the continuity between these three items in their design process. They have attempted to pass the user through the space unimpeded, promoting the idea of transparency, lightness and spatial continuity, by reducing the bulk of mass and increasing the space. Iranian architectural space can be thought of as a wavy space. Conjunction with unlimited space is created through the light and perspective expansion, and space expansion between the components. Continuity through these spaces were shown spreading natural lights, and the extension of the sceneries and perspectives. Iranian architects tried to reduce the material mass of the building body in order to achieve transparency and spiritual lightness. In this essay we are intending to study the level of effect of traditional Iranian architecture on contemporary Iranian architecture and the level of effect of modern architecture on it, and finally we will make a comparison between them. For this review, a descriptive–analytic observation is set that the criteria of comparison are the factors of spatial continuity of Iranian and modern architecture. For each architectural Style, factors that represent continuity is listed, mentioning that any of these factors can be used in which state, relating the inside and outside. So this will assort results in a set of tables for each Style. A number of public buildings, built during 50 decade till now is selected for analyzing the factors in each group. Four of them will be expounded. At last the results can be observed in a detailed table, along with, a diagram represents the percentage of each factor’s participation in indicating spatial continuity in both Iranian and modern architecture.}, Keywords = {spatial continuity,Transparency,traditional Iranian architecture,modern architecture,contemporary Iranian architecture}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {52-67}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {تداوم فضایی در معماری معاصر ایران بررسی میزان تأثیرپذیری معماری معاصر ایران از معماری غرب و معماری ایرانی}, abstract_fa ={تداوم فضایی و به طور خاص تداوم میان بیرون و درون مفهومی است که بشر از ابتدا به دنبال تجلی آن در آثار معماری بوده است. در هر دوره از تاریخ معماری شاهد ظهور اصولی جدید هستیم که سعی در برقراری تداوم فضایی به شکلی مناس بتر از قبل دارند. رد پای این اصول را می توان در عصر حاضر و در آثار معماران مدرن نیز پیگیری کرد. پیشرفت فناوری، رهایی معماران از قیدوبند اصول کلاسیک گذشته و بسیاری از عوامل دیگر موجب شد که عالی ترین نوع تداوم فضایی در این دوره به ظهور برسد. در معماری سنتی ایرانی نیز توجه به تداوم فضایی قابل درک است و مانند سیر تاریخی معماری جهان برای رسیدن به تداوم بیشتر میان فضا، در این نوع معماری نیز شاهد تلاش برای برقراری تداوم مناس بتر میان فضاها هستیم، اما برخلاف تداوم در معماری مدرن که بیشتر به دنبال تداوم بصری و فیزیکی است. تداوم فضایی در معماری ایرانی یک حرکت روحانی و معنوی است. بر همین اساس موضوع موردبررسی این مقاله آن است که ببیند معماری معاصرا یران ب هعنوان وارث گذشته پربار خود، درزمینه برقراری تداوم فضایی تا چها ندازها صول معماری سنتی ایرانی را ارتقا بخشیده و از سوی دیگر تا چه حد از معماری مدرن متأثر بوده است}, keywords_fa = {تداوم فضایی,سیالیت فضایی,معماری ایرانی,معماری مدرن,معماری معاصر ایران}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-1467-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-1467-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Shakibamanesh, Amir and Alalhesabi, Mehran and Behzadfar, Mostaf}, title = {Modern Urban Design: From Cue Approach to Practical Optical Illusions}, abstract ={Different people have different perceptions of physical space where movement and rest occur. In this regard, perception of three-dimensional space from the point of view of stationary and moving observers can be analyzed from different perspectives including the observer›s favorable or unfavorable perception, persistency and recall capability of the perceived space, the influence of different design variables on the perception, etc. But one of the most important issues which has not attracted due attention in this area and will form the subject of the present study is that of deliberate distortions in the «perception of subjective depth and distance» of a path or space. Indeed, by using the perception of depth and distance and the deliberate distortions in the field of urban design, designers will be able to change this perception experience via informed arrangement of spatial qualities as appropriate in line with the overall design objectives. This way, they can represent a route as shorter as or longer than its actual conditions in the minds of observers and users of space. In this paper, among various theoretical approaches about the human visual system function in relation to the perception of depth and distance, cue approach is discussed due to greater emphasis given to it in scientific literature published in recent years as well as its comprehensive theoretical perspective. Based on this approach, in the first part of this article, an attempt has been made to review and analyze the most significant components affecting the perception of depth and distance using a scientific approach via urban design perspective. These components can be integrated or reduced in order to directly control the relative amount of depth and distance perception in the physical space. For example, the first part of the present article addressed the influence of light, color, perspective etc. On depth perception. Obviously, if we can exaggerate the natural conditions of these signs via representation and re-design, we will be able to bring about a deliberate change in depth and distance. Indeed, measures such as taking advantage of oval forms in flooring instead of circular ones, making informed changes in the perspective view of a pathway or set of buildings, using purposeful color palettes and planned lighting and the like can leave a significant impact on depth and distance perception. In the second part, deliberate distortions and their application in design of physical-spatial structures of urban environment in a practical approach are discussed. In sum, based on discussions presented in this paper, it can be said that the relative contribution of each of structural features of a space, semantic features of visual scene and other factors in the formation of distance and depth perception errors is not known. Moreover, we still cannot consider a desired visual scene and determine whether there are spatial perception errors in memory. Such predictions will not be possible until we have richer and more objective words at hand to describe many possible spatial relationships between the observer and the elements in front of him, as well as the three-dimensional spatial structures.Such terms can form the basis for testing and describing the effects of different variables on perception issues. As mentioned in the article, practical application of depth and distance design and deliberate distortions in urban design can enable designers to change this perceptual experience. This will be possible via informed arrangements of spatial-physical qualities in a direct manner and proportional to the overall design purposes so that a pathway is perceived by observers and users shorter or longer than it is. On the other hand, whether a space appears deep or shallow is in direct association with its perceived length and in turn, its perceived time. This has not received due attention in practical urban design studies. It is obvious that there is a relationship between the environment and the length of perceived time, but what should be pursued in future urban design studies is how people›s physical - behavioral actions are influenced by this relationship. Such findings can be used to meet many non-physical goals in a project. Thus, knowing aboutthe effects of physical-spatial dimensions on depth and distance perception, and thus on the pedestrians› perceived time, a designer will be able to make a short - but the important in commercial, touristic, and cultural terms- path appear longer than it is to observers. The influence can lead to a greater emphasis on the path importance and the likelihood of unconscious pauses therein, and can enhance the formation of longer-lasting mental images and memories in pedestrians› minds. On the other hand, when an urban designer has to decide on the layout and design of a long corridor, he/she can take advantage of distorting the observers› perception and perceived time to make their perceived path shorter. This, in turn, will decrease their mental fatigue, desire to change path, and inattention to activities, functions and structures towards the end of the path. On the other hand, based on what was mentioned in the present article, when we move through a space, scales and level of details of objects are variable in our experience proportional to our distance from them. Thus, our perception of an object in space varies by our distance from it, our speed and the amount of time we allocate to see a particular scene. In this regard, urban design can impose dramatic changes on the observers› perception of depth in a space through deliberate distortions in their views and perspectives. In fact, when the observer›s perception of depth changes, the arrangement and layout of various components in space can appear compressed or expanded to him/her. This compression and expansion can be deliberately applied to strengthen or weaken spatial definition in a specific physical structure. When an observer moves through a space, he/she can experience a variation and fluctuation, not only among the various levels of vision, but also among perceived deep and shallow spaces. Such fluctuation can add to the richness of movement experience in urban spaces. Upon on the purpose of the study it is based on applied research. Due to complexity of depth and distance perception, we used the combination of exploratory and descriptive-analytical research as the methodology. contrasts with usual expectations, which thinks that the telecommunications and virtual spaces can reduce the demand for spatial mobility and it’s infrastructures- but also means that the simultaneous increase in inter-regional functional relations (both electronic and physical communications) between Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya metropolitan areas. Following this, with developing the functional integration between these areas, the distinction of previous boundaries has been faced with many difficulties. Therefore, this situation can cause to the rise of Japanese Mega city-region, named as “TOKAIDO” the greatest spatial unit in the hurt of japan. This fact may signify the rising of new possible changes in the future of urban and regional spatial structure and provide a situation in which, the current urban planning and management methods -based on industrial age spatial principals- face with many challenges. So, the restructuring of urban policy and planning in the information age may be inevitable}, Keywords = {Perceptual Depth and Distance,Cue Approach,Deliberate Distortions,Practical Optical Illusions}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {68-79}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {طراحی شهری نوین: از رویکرد نشانه تا خطاهای کاربردی اپتیکی}, abstract_fa ={پرداختن به مقولۀ ادراک عمق و فاصله و تحری فهای عامدانه در حوزۀ طراحی شهری، طراحان را قادر می سازد تا از طریق نظ مدهی و چیدمان آ گاهانۀ کیفیات فضایی ب هگون های مناسب و همسو با مقاصد کلی طراحی، این تجربۀ ادرا کی را دستخوش تغییر سازند و بدین طریق آ گاهانه مسیری را کوتا هتر یا بلندتر از شرایط حقیقی آن در ذهن ناظران و استفاد هکنندگان از فضا متبادر نمایند. در این مقاله، از میان رویکردهای نظری متعدد موجود درخصوص نحوۀ عملکرد دستگاه بصری انسان برای ادراک عمق و فاصله، به سبب تأ کید بیشتر متون علمی انتشاریافته در سال های اخیر و نیز از منظر جامعیت نظری، ب ه رویکرد نشانه خواهیم پرداخت. بر اساس این رویکرد، در بخش نخست از این مقاله، تاش شده است با نگرشی علمی و از دریچۀ طراحی شهری، شاخ صترین مؤلفه های تأثیرگذار بر مقولۀ ادراک عمق و فاصله بررسی و تحلیل شوند ؛ مؤلف ههایی که م یتوان با تجمیع یا کاستن از میزان آن ها به طور مستقیم به کنترل نسبی میزان عمق و فاصلۀ ادرا کی در فضای کالبدی پرداخت. در ادامه و در بخش دوم به بحث تحریف های عامدانه با رویکردی کاربردی و با مدنظر قرار دادن قابلیت ب هکارگیری آ نها در طراحی ساختارهای کالبدی - فضایی شهری، پرداخت هشده است.}, keywords_fa = {عمق و فاصلۀ ادرا کی,رویکرد نشانه,تحری فهای عامدانه,خطاهای کاربردی اپتیکی}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-3708-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-3708-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Alitajer, Saeid and Karimimoshaver, Mehrdad and Hajian, Mi}, title = {Comparative Comparison Of walkable streets’ Functions with Focus on Strengthening Of Social Life in Islamic-Iranian City}, abstract ={In the past few decades, by increasing the number of cars, streets have a different definition. In the past that, street considered to be a sort of pace for recreation a destination, changed into a place for the movement of cars. Consequently social life vanished from streets. Recently, all over the world, a lot of attempts have been done to make streets somewhere to walk in, and to return social life to them. They have been faced with success and failure. In the past before the formation of streets in current form and the emergence of carriages and cars, the common way of movement was often done on foot. The age of walking goes back to the creation and birth of human being. Creating pavements was the first actions in the form of urbanization. In the recent decades, the so- called walking way has been more common, against streets which belong to roadways. Several word like pedestrian limits (Mall), no cars limits, pedestrian walkway, area (zone) of on foot going, public walkway and traffic- free zone are used in different countries. Walkways are the locations for the attendance of all citizens and their participation in the collective life. These spaces operate in the scale of all cities, and should accept different groups of people. In walkways, citizens are in an interactive relationship with each other, learn to be together, and strive towards improving the collective life. Therefore, social life must always go on in the walkways. That is why liveliness is the basic and vital features of walkways. This space must also be able to attract a wide range of citizens and to harmonize itself with its inside events. So, flexibility is also an important feature of walkways. Finally, what ensures the attendance of all citizens, and permanent living in walkways is the safety of these spaces. According to researches carried out, walking is a part of citizen’s all day trips, and the most important of them. According to statistics represented, in Iran 50% of travels in large cities and 75% of travels in small towns are done on foot. Therefore, pedestrians should be considered as the main component of city transport system, and thus, walkways are the scientific and practical solution for many urban acute problems that can fight with the fall in life quality. Reviews and pathology of pedestrian – oriented space can be a useful tool for designer in designing spaces with high social functions. Because urban spaces as an area for showing of collective life, have a significant role in identification and human interactions, reminisces and create interest for future generations. Improving the quality of these spaces strengthens the motivation of attendance and communicating with the environment in the citizen’s mind and provides his active participation. Walkways as public spaces enable people who don’t know each other, come together in a page of community. Although it seems to be apparently very trivial and unimportant, some of these haphazard and public meetings in the same time and in the same place that necessarily, don’t include any clear responsibility for any one, bring feelings of social confidence, identification and living for people. One of the important aspects of movement on foot is the issue of socio-cultural interactions of people and it has the impact on the vitality of the environment. Jan Gehl in his book “Life Between Buildings” divides people’s activities in public spaces into three categories: Essential activities, Selective activities and Social activities. The climax of this issue is that in open spaces with poor quality only essential activities occur. In open spaces with high quality, essential activities with similar succession occur and people spend more time in doing activities. More important than these, a wide range of social activities occur. This article, comparing the two experiences, based on the literature and history of the research with analytical-descriptive techniques looks for replying to the main question: How are social functions of streets strengthened? In this regard, two of walkways experienced by author, in terms of physical characteristics were investigated. These samples have been selected from the author’s personal experience and theircommon feature is based on walking. The first sample is Saf Street (Bagh- e- Sepahsalar) in Tehran and the other one is Cler in Paris. Saf Street has been located in 12th district in Tehran. In the south, it is limited in Islamic Republic Street and in the north ends in Misbah and Manoochehri Streets, and one of the region’s crowded streets. It is considered to be a market for shoes (Figure 1). Because of traffic congestion and lack of traffic control and some other issues, this passage was reformed and eventually, in recent years it became a walkway. By implementation of walkway plan along this axis, cars entering into the street have been banned and only pedestrians have the right to walk along it. These actions have more than ever made Saf street suitable for tourists walking and spending leisure time that people have. Cler Street situated in the 7th district of Paris’s historic center and at a relatively little distance from a small area of the Eiffel Tower. In the north, its walkway part is limited to Grenelle Street and in the south to Motte Picquet Streets. This street is one of the old local markets of Paris and there are many residential applications and services in its path. In this study, by the way of AHP technique we tried to show the difference between two spaces better. AHP method is flexible, simple and strong. It makes easy to decide in situations that criteria of conflicting decision, when choosing between the options is difficult. To do AHP calculations we should compare each option based on criteria mutually. Saf walkway (Bagh-e-Sepahsalar) in Tehran and Cler Street in Paris have been compared under the preset criteria. The findings suggest that the social function of Cler Pedestrianoriented Street is overall better than pedestrian-oriented Saf Street. Finally it can be said that a responsive pedestrian-oriented street, only through a special type of flooring and car traffic cannot be achieved. At least a set of physical and spatial factors involved in the success of project. Pedestrian in order to attend in urban spaces needs a security that is defined by presence of others, not interfere with the guards and police force. Existences of applications which have various work hours establish a mutual visual relationship with the axis. They give security along with safety to walkways. The presence of pedestrians on the street requires the applications that answer a wider range of individual and social needs. Possibility to sit , study and socialize in a canopy to shelter against the sun and atmospheric precipitation, or there are places for meeting people and solving hunger and thirst during the time one is in the passage is very impressive in encouraging people to be in passages. Walkway streets that act as straight markets for particular profession, more than circulating life in it, are changed into a place to earn living and kinds of commercial buildings that at the end of work hour they will be closed. So they reduce the possibility of social events occurrence.}, Keywords = {Street,Walkway Social Function,Saf St,Cler St}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {80-88}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {مقایسه تطبیقی عملکرد خیابا نهای پیاده محور با هدف تقویت زندگی جمعی در شهر اسلامی- ایرانی}, abstract_fa ={در طول چند دهه گذشته با افزایش تعداد اتومبیل، خیابان ها تعریفی متفاوت یافته اند؛ خیابان که درگذشته به نوعی تفرجگاه و مقصد به حساب می آمد به محلی برای آمد و شد اتومبیل ها تبدیل شد و با افزایش تعداد اتومبیل ها و خودرو محوری، زندگی اجتماعی از خیابا نها رخت بربست. خیابان به مفهوم تفرجگاه که امروزه در ادبیات تخصصی با عنوان پیاده را ه شناخته می شود ب هعنوان بهترین بستر شناخت و گردش در شهر ها مطرح است. به دلیل آزادی عمل انسان پیاده برای توقف، مکث، تغییر جهت و تماس مستقیم با دیگران در فضای شهری شناخت شهر و محیط بیشتر از طریق گام زدن حاصل می شود. ازاین رو در خیابان های پیاده محور همواره زندگی و تعامات اجتماعی در جریان است. در سال های اخیر تاش هایی برای پیاده محور کردن برخی معابر و بازگرداندن زندگی اجتماعی به آن ها در سراسر دنیا صورت گرفته که با موفقیت یا شکست هایی مواجه بوده است. مقاله حاضر، با مقایسه تطبیقی دو تجربه، بر پایه ادبیات موضوع و پیشینه تحقیق، با تکنیک تحلیلی- توصیفی به دنبال پاسخ به این پرسش اصلی است که کارکردهای اجتماعی خیابان چگونه تقویت می شوند؟ در این راستا دو نمونه از پیاده راه های تجربه شده توسط نگارنده از منظر ویژگی های کالبدی مورد بررسی و مقایسه قرارگرفت هاند. پیاده راه صف)باغ سپهسالار( در تهران و خیابان کِلِر در پاریس تحت معیارهایا ز پیش تعیی نشده مقایسه شد هاند. یافت ههای تحقیق نشان م یدهد که کارکردهایا جتماعی خیابان پیاده محور کِلِر ب هطورکلی بهترا ز خیابان پیاده محور صفا ست. ماحصل پژوهشا رائه پیشنها دهایی جهتا فزایش کارکردهایا جتماعی در پیاده محور نمودن گذرها خواهد بود.}, keywords_fa = {خیابان,پیاده راه,کارکردهای اجتماعی,خیابان صف,خیابان کِلِر}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-11896-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-11896-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2015} }