@article{ author = {Ansari, Samineh and Andalib, Alirez}, title = {An Evaluation Framework for Measuring Participation in Urban Renovation Projects and it’s Application in The Special Renovation Project of Shahid-Khoob-Bakht Neighborhood}, abstract ={In last two decades, the misuse of the word participation as a nice adding to the title of most urban projects in Iran has become customary and habitual. Most of these projects would not even begin to measure up to the actual meaning of this word and even if they claim that they do, it is hardly possible to evaluate their work as there could be loads of misunderstanding in what they would define an absolutely qualitative concept like participation and how should it be measured. Considering the abundant of the incorrect use of the term participational Urban Renovation and its Ambiguous meaning due to the vastness of scope, this paper is aiming to create a framework that can qualify participatory aspect of urban redevelopment projects and calculate it to a quantitative value which would be shown in percentages. This framework can be extremely helpful in creating a measurement of real participation in urban renovation projects, and work against non-participatory actions in these projects. In this paper, first, there is an elaboration of participation and explanation of the process of participational Urban Renovation. We emphasize the importance and the necessity of public involvement in these projects and explain how this constant public participation translates into a process of Renovation and introduces The Step-Wise-Logic of the LUDA Regeneration Process. This process is a set of tasks and related activities for diagnosis of the urban distress, visioning the desired future by engaging and involving stakeholders, programming this vision, implementation of the program, and monitoring the success of the program. In the next part of the literature review, the variations of involvement in these regeneration programs are discussed; and classifications of such participation is represented based on the participation ladders from Arnstein’s first ladder in 1969 to the more recent ladders. Arnestein’s participation ladder focuses on three main levels which are Nonparticipation, Tokenism, and Citizen Power or Partnership. On the other hand, other researchers have also organized various participation procedures according to the degree of public involvement, varying from the public right-to-know to public partnership in decision-making. They also recognize that the nature of participation can change over time, and different engagement approaches may be more suitable for various stages of this process. After discussing participation processes based on the participation Ladders, We developed a chart to compare the ladders and match the levels of participation that they represent, while trying to be as discreet as possible not to ignore the differences between them but to strengthen the very core of each level by finding new participatory instruments that could be defined within each step. The goal of Combining these various approaches in form of a chart was that the combination could provide a more comprehensive picture of the degree of participation that was actually occurring rather than each one of them individually. In the developed chart, the rows represent the scope of participation, and the columns include participatory tools and methods which are graded by their importance based on three primary levels of Arnstein’s ladder itself. Therefore, the rows of this chart include three main levels of Nonparticipation, Tokenism, and Citizen Power, and three sub-levels for each level. The four columns of this table include the participatory instruments and methods represented in four different main approaches, including UNDP’s, and also Dorcey, Wiedemann & Femers, Conner, and Pimbert & Pretty›s views on the subject. For example, the Arnstein’s highest level of participation, called “citizen control,” in which citizens have full power to plan, make decisions and manage is parallel to the “self-management” level in UNDP’s approach which indicates the interactions of stakeholders in learning processes, which optimizes the well-being of all concerned. This row of the chart is also level to “self-mobilization/ active participation” and “on-going interactions” in other approaches. Another example could be the last row of this table, which represents the lowest degree of participation or non-participation, and is level to manipulation, informing, and passive participation; and is characterized by one-way communication with stakeholders, with neither channel or feedback nor power for negotiation. In this paper, to use this chart as a framework for evaluating the case study, we changed adapted it for evaluation of an actual urban Renovation project by assigning colors and hatches to each step of the renovation process and showing the methods of public participation which were used in each step by different colors. The steps of Urban Renovation were defined according to The Step-Wise-Logic of the LUDA Regeneration Process, as explain before. Therefore, we have considered participation acts in these steps, and assigned colors and hatches for presenting each of them, which include “participation in Diagnosis,” “participation in Visioning,” “participation in Programming,” “participation in Implementation”, and “Participation in Monitoring.” The case study of this paper is “the special Renovation project of SHAHID KHOOB-BAKHT’S neighborhood” and this project was defined by “The Urban Renovation Organization of Tehran City”, as a pattern to be followed by other urban redevelopment projects as well; and therefore, it was imperative to evaluate the level of real participation that this pattern made possible. By reviewing the existing data and formally published reports on this project, we extracted the participatory tools and methods which were used during various steps of this project and developed the adapted version of the explained table for it. Then the number of colored or hatched cells for each step of the project was multiplied by the previously assigned grades and the final results which will evaluate the general rate of participation by percentage were calculated. The results show that in the case of this particular project, the most degree of participation occurred in the programming step and this participation belonged to the “citizen control” and the “tokenism” types of participation in general and specifically to the sub-types of partnership, consultation and informing, which are placed on the 4th, the 5th, and the 6th level of the table. The results also showed that there were moderate degrees of participation in the visioning and the implementation steps of the project, at the “tokenism” level and the “consultation” sub-level of participation. It was apparent that involvement of stakeholders in the monitoring and the diagnosis of this project was non-existent. This is especially alarming because it shows that the residents are not held responsible for supervising the process of the project nor surveilling the vitality of their neighborhood as a thriving community. Improving the levels of resident involvement in the monitoring and diagnosis steps could ensure that the decaying cycle of urban fabric would eventually slow down as the residents would get much more sensitive to the quality of space in their neighborhood. The general rate of participation in this project is measured to be 65.4 percent, which shows that considering all the obstacles that this project had to overcome – legal, financial, social obstacles, etc. - as a new experiment, there is hope for the other projects which are following this project’s particular process as a pattern.}, Keywords = {Urban Renovation Process,participational Projects,Participation Ladder,Special Renovation Projects,Sustainability}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {17-5}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-3203-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-3203-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {RezaieJahromi, Pegah and Barakpur, Naser}, title = {Energy Efficiency Assessment In Urban Scale; Case Study City Of Tehran (Tehran & Zahirabad Neighborhood)}, abstract ={Introduction: Based on current estimations of different organizations, half of the world’s population live in cities, and these cities are the main consumers of energy. Cities have grand contribution in energy production of the world (around %60 to %80) and they have such enormous contribution in the emission of CO2. Energy is at the heart of the most critical economic, environmental and developmental issues facing the world today. Energy is essential to the delivery of urban services, and its role can be consid-ered vital at many stagesin the urban design process. This research begins with the planning and layout of a new cityand goes through to the socioeconomic structure of the city and its activities and the choiceof energy carriers and technologies used to meet the city’s energy demands. In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in urban climate and energy issues. LiteratureReview:Based on theories and history of energy consumption levels in different countries and with the consideration of sustainable development in the world, protection of energy resources became important and along continuing years, different approaches like smart growth, compact development, etc. have been introduced which shows the importance of this issue. Urban planning and design determines a city’s spatial, physical and managerial structure and influences directly and indirectly the energy consumption. Energy modeling in city scale is an ideal tool for studying energy consumption and reducing production of greenhouse gases in urban planning level. Models of urban efficiency evaluation in city scale is based on building, transport, etc. criterions and their great potential for consuming energy and producing greenhouse gases, can be proper guidelines for reducing energy consumption and in-creasing energy efficiency (EE). With regards to population growth and rapid urbanization, It seems es-sential to evaluate energy consumption and for improving its efficiency with different strategies. With regards to these issues, EE, either for protection of energy resources and optimum utilization of them, or for opposition with climate change and their pollutions, are issues which have importance in both nation-al and international dimensions. So, many actions have been accomplished which concentrate on two main issues: sustainable development and opposition with climate change. There are few studies about these issues, for example World Bank has worked in a few case studies such as Gaziantep in Turkey.In Iran, also based on done census in recent years, we have evolved in ur-banization through the increase of city›s count and immigration of villagers. There is also limited case studies in Iran, about the energy efficiency assessment in small scales, such as the neighborhood and building. So, nowadays, necessity of energy efficiency evaluation is important because of irregular energy consumption through optimized actions of urban planning which can reduce a city’s dependence on fos-sil energies and reduce costs and release financial resources for improvement of city services and social-economic advantages. Methodology: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between urban planning and energy efficiency, to present related approaches to this issue and to survey energy efficiency evaluation models with an emphasis to urban scale. Depending on the scale studied, models with different scales can be used to evaluate energy efficiency. Some models are used to study the energy efficiency in the scale of cities and others in lowers scales of a city’s divisions, such as districts and neighborhoods. Through studying EE models, we can identify their effective factors and existing barriers, as well as their performances. After considering the theoretical elements in evaluating the EE in city planning while fo-cusing on identifying different models and approaches to evaluate energy efficiency, two models in two levels have been chosen in this research: Firstly, TRACE model was chosen to evaluate the amount of energy consumption with different indices and criteria in the whole city of Tehran and the required sug-gestions were made for EE to be increased.TRACE is a decision-support system designed to help cities quickly identify and harness EE opportunities. It targets underperforming sectors, evaluates improvement and cost-saving potential,and helps prioritize actions for EE interventions. TRACE focuses on the munici-pal sectors with the highest energy use: passenger transport, municipal buildings, water and wastewater, public lighting and solid waste. Then, LEED model was chosen in the second level to evaluate energy efficiency more accurately in the districts of Tehran, and the sample neighborhood was Zahirabad in District 20 of Tehran which was studied with different indexes so that the EE in this area could be evaluated. The LEED is based on existing proven technology that drives market strength and credibility through the industry-wide development of LEED products. LEED is an initiative designed to actively promote the transformation of the mainstream towards more sustainable practices. Results:Results show that energy consumption evaluation can identify the High-power indicators and have an important role in reducing consuming energy of cities. In this study, in the initial level, Trace Model, based on comparison with other world cities, which has been included in presupposition of mod-el, and determination of their priority, building and transport indicators have been estimated as the most energy consumer parts of Tehran; And in the second level, in order to evaluate energy efficiency in neighborhood scale, has been done with LEED model which concentrates on most energy consuming indicators in first level -building and transport-. The score of neighborhood evaluation with LEED model is approximately acceptable based on this model and with regards to chosen criterions energy efficiency in neighborhood is in middle level and with changing certain situations we can increase EE in neighborhood. The survey of energy efficiency in one of the neighborhoods can provide a framework for evaluating other neighborhoods of Tehran in future studies and finally estimating EE in city level. Paying respect to time limitations, this neighborhood has been chosen just as a case, in order to use this model for other neighborhoods of Tehran and to recognize legal frameworks and development plans, policies and strate-gies for reducing energy consumption in different levels. Discussion and Conclusion: Research findings show that construction and transportation are the two most effective factors in the amount of energy consumption and efficiency. Resulting strategies from this study -based on tools and methods of energy efficiency evaluation- for reducing energy consumption and increasing energy efficiency include: promotion of mixed land-use, augmentation of density and compaction, development of public transportation, management and pricing parking, augmentation of pedestrian and bicycle accessibility and changing of energy consumption patterns at home, building and infrastructure parts, etc. Moreover, consideration of essentials in using reproducible energies in plan-ning can improve the utilization of these energies and increase energy efficiency. It ought to be said that in order to respond to the energy efficiency challenge in cities, it is important to choose a particular method with regards to native situations and city scale. With presenting proper strategies and changing in case studies, we can adjust energy consumption and go toward energy efficiency and a sustainable de-velopment. So, according to the results from analysis and proposed recommendations and strategies for improving energy efficiency in two scales, we can increase energy efficiency with setting policies and taking action.}, Keywords = {Energyefficiency,Assessment,trace,LEED,Tehran,Zahirabad neighbor-hood}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {30-18}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-1225-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-1225-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Abolhasani, Nooshin and Saghafi, Mohammad Javad and Fayaz, Rima and Kari, Behrouz Mohamm}, title = {Modular Building Envelope Panel with Heating and Cooling Capability}, abstract ={In order to reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions, we are supposed to find some ways to diminish our reliance on fossil fuel .Generally, energy use in residential, commercial and public buildings account for %36 of total global final energy consumption in Iran.(Secretariat of Energy and Electricity، 44 :2013) In this regard, renewable energy resources have become vital for heating and cooling. Using solar systems is an appropriate measure towards reduction of fossil fuel consumption and mitigation of adverse environmental impacts. According to the huge potential of solar radiation in Iran, integration of heating and cooling systems in the building envelope is a necessity if the systems are to be economically feasible. The integration is possible only if the design of the passive technology is included in the early stages of the design process. Space heating is the most important building energy use in regions with cold climate and one of the passive solar technologies which is used in mentioned regions is Trombe-wall. Classic Trombe-wall is a passive solar system made up of a south-facing massive wall painted in black on the external surface, an air layer and glazing on the exterior. The wall is equipped with vents at the top and at the bottom for the air thermo-circulation in the air gap. The Trombe-wall systems function by absorbing solar rays and converting their energy. A Trombe-wall stores energy during the sunshine and supplies energy when a building’s occupants require it. It has been widely studied regarding winter behavior, but in summer the system can cause undesired heat gains and overheating phenomena, especially in well insulated buildings. Only few studies focus on their summer behavior. Overshadowing on Trombe-wall’s glazing in summer is an action recommended by several authors. “Modular building envelope panel with heating and cooling capability” is inspired from Trombe-wall in heating scenario and looking forward to improving its summer behavior by the use of evaporative cooling system. In the current study, water was used instead of conventional masonry material, according to its thermal capacity, transparency and fluidity. In summer, the water is discharged and cooling loads are reduced using evaporative cooling. This strategy results in overall building efficiency improvement. (Abolhasani, 2014:21) We attempted to design a modular system for the façade. Modularity offers many advantages and solves some parts of the problems in using conventional built in-situ solar walls. It facilities industrial mass production with high quality and ease of installation, repairing and maintenance. Fully modular products could allow components to be replaced without affecting other elements and reduces the total cost of the entire product. Modular design facilitates design standardization by identifying the component’s performance clearly and minimizing the incidental interactions between a component and the rest of the product. We assessed energy performance of proposed panel using EnergyPlus 8.1 simulation software and investigated influence of it on heating and cooling loads. In order to do that, a series of hour-by-hour simulations carried out on two different models that are made of some thermal zones. The first one is a single room with the dimensions 3m*4m*3m which its south facing side is a double glazed curtain wall. The other model is a room with proposed panel which consists of two zones – a room with the same dimension as that of the first model, named “Room zone” and a zone dimensioned 0.1m*4m*3m, named Trombe zone. These two zones must have an inlet and an outlet “node” to link them in an air loop within the simulation. Air Loop is formed by defining nodes and components. We defined different components in different seasons. We used a supply plenum exposed to sun, for winter and evaporative cooler component, for summer. For winter simulation we made use of water as collector and storage material and supposed air loop between trombe zone and room zone. For summer behavior, water is supposed to be discharged to activate evaporative cooler component in the air loop. Comparing the output of simulations showed that designed panel decreases heating and cooling loads in our assumed model. We iterated the simulation in room with proposed panel to optimize different parameters and characteristics of constitutive elements. We optimized thickness of water layer as a thermal mass. The results showed that in thicknesses under 125mm, increasing the thickness decreases heating load significantly, however over 125mm, the decreasing rate slows down. The thickness of 125mm reduces 65 percent of heating load in working hours. In order to select the best exterior glazing material, a series of simulations carried out on 6 types of glazing. The effect of glazing type was investigated using net heat gain. Low emission coating showed the best performance. Using low emission glazing instead of single glazing for a Tromb-wall system not only reduced heat losses in winter but also enhanced passive cooling in summer. Results also proved that natural ventilation cannot reduce cooling demand in cold climate condition. It can be alleviated by evaporating cooling and reduction of sensible heat and have a positive impact on summer performance. To improve energy efficiency in designed panel, a forced air circulator was used. In evaporative cooling scenario water consumption and airflow rate was optimized by simulations. The results showed the best performance in an air flow rate ranging from 0.10 up to 0.15 m3/s (equivalent to 300-200 cfm). Finally, the optimized values were used to redesign details of the panel. Proposed panel consists of polycarbonate plenum, low emission glazing on exterior side, dampers, ultrasonic evaporative cooler, movable shading, centrifugal fan and horizontal stud- in order to increase resistance of plenum against static pressure of water. Evaluation of suggested system in the sample model proved its effectiveness in reduction of annual energy demand -heating and cooling loads. The results of this research is based on the weather data of Tabriz, Iran, and the specific sample, so these values cannot be applied to the other climate regions and building conditions. Independent studies should take place for various climate conditions. Also, it would be better to do some experimental surveys to validate the results of the research.}, Keywords = {Modular building envelope,Passive heating and cooling,Trombe-wall,Evaporative cooling,Energyplus}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {41-31}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-11429-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-11429-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Foroozan, Narjes and Hajipour, Khalil and Soltani, Ali}, title = {Study of Embodied Energy consumption in Residential Sector: Case Study of Shiraz}, abstract ={Introduction and Literature Review: Reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions to alleviate the effects of global warming have become a worldwide necessity. This matter has significant importance in Iran, because Iran has the seventh ranking position of global greenhouse gas emissions and its rate of growth is above global average. Building construction sector is experiencing a fast-paced growth in developing countries, like Iran, due to growth of economy and rapid urbanization. A large number of buildings are being built for residential, commercial and office purposes every year. Built environments are responsible for about 40 percent of energy consumption in Iran and it is generally approved that the greatest portion of built environment is dedicated to residential use. Energy consumed in producing and processing building materials and in the processes of building a house, is usually calculated using embodied energy concept. Until recently, it was generally accepted that the energy used during the occupation of a building represented a much higher proportion than its embodied energy; thus, great efforts were put into reducing energy use in this phase. New and improved technologies have reduced the operational energy through a variety of solutions, including energy-efficient equipment and appliances, improved insulation levels, low energy lighting, heat recovery systems, the provision of solar hot water systems, photovoltaic panels for generation of electricity, and other renewable technologies. However, these measures often imply an increase in materials use and energy demand for their production, which explains the growing importance of other phases in the total life cycle. According to the global literature, embodied energy of a building accounts for one third to one fifth of the total life cycle energy consumption of a specific building. However as the global trend for the new developments moves toward the zero energy/carbon buildings, the importance of the embodied energy increases. In fact embodied energy is one of the leading parameters in assessing building’s environmental performance, because in building projects, vast amounts of building materials are needed which consume great amounts of embodied energy and thus have negative effect on environment. With this preamble, improving energy efficiency of the existing dwelling stock of urban regions will increasingly be part of achieving sustainable development in future. Although this aspect of achieving sustainable development has been the subject of many global practices in recent years and global literature is almost rich in the calculations and analysis of embodied energy and life cycle energy consumption, this matter has been neglected almost completely in Iran and those few studies conducted focusing on energy in urban planning and designing fields, are mainly concentrating on transportation sector. Thus the main goal of this study is analyzing the sustainability of urban residential sector with focusing on embodied energy consumption. Methodology: In this regard, residential sector in Shiraz Metropolitan has been divided into seven different dwelling types including central-yard houses, attached terrace houses (one story houses, two story and three story houses), apartments (which are buildings of four story and above), villas and declined houses. Gathering raw data in this study was challenging, considering the fact that house building in Iran is far from industrialized and prefabricated building is really limited. Unfortunately there is no data available on the average material consumption of different dwelling types in Iran and the only study similar to this was done focusing on building structures. Using this only available data, we built our data bank in Microsoft Office excel and then focused on computing average embodied energy via multiplying embodied energy of common building materials extracted from a report conducted in the University of Bath titled “Embodied Carbon: The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE)” into average material consumption based on building structures. Another point we had to take into account was the unit of the available data; while embodied energy of materials were presented in gigajoules per square meter, average material consumptions of dwellings were presented in different units from square meters, to cubic meters, kilograms and blocks. So using density of materials we established a second data base with similar units. Normalizing this raw data through dividing average embodied energy of residential dwelling by dwelling area we calculated the capitation of embodied energy for each dwelling. Afterwards we prioritized embodied energyconsumption of dwelling types from lowest embodied energy capitation to the highest as follows: brick and wood structures with about 3 GJ/m^2 embodied energy, clay brick concrete structures, clay brick steel structures, brick concrete structures, brick and iron structures, and at last brick steel structures with about5.35 GJ/m^2 embodied energy Results: To be sure of the validity of these comparisons analysis of variances (ANOVA) and Post Hoc Tests (Least significant difference- LSD) have been applied to these data in IBM SPSS statistics 19, and the result has been positive. Then collected data were shifted from structure types to dwelling types and we found out that central-yard houses with 3.6 GJ/m^2 embodied energy per capita are the most energy efficient dwelling types. After this type in sequence lay one-story terrace houses (4.21GJ/m^2 ), apartments (4.26GJ/ m^2 ), two story terrace houses (4.67GJ/m^2 ), declined houses (4.81GJ/m^2 ), villas (4.84GJ/m^2 ), and three story terrace houses (5.21GJ/m^2 ). Discussion and Conclusion: This paper highlights the need to use location-specific data in the development of building assessment schemes and the issues related to the use of embodied energy assessment for the building sector. Absence of localized data base on building material consumption on the basis of dwelling type and lack of data on cradle to grave embodied carbon and energy of common building materials were the most important obstacles in this research. On the basis of international research, paint, bitumen, platevirgin, sheet Galvanized-virgin, steel, ceramics, primary glass, iron bars, lime, cement, and common brick are the most energy intensive materials. So on account of lack of localized data, we used international embodied energy of common building materials (cradle-to-gate) to calculate embodied energy of different dwelling types. Despite of major shortcomings in data base, noteworthy conclusions have been deducted from this work which are summarized as follows: traditional form of housing in Shiraz which is known as central yard houses in this paper with brick and wood structures (in which there is a yard in the center of the block and the residential parts are located at its periphery) are the most sustainable form of housing according to this research criteria and case study. This may owe its accomplishment to the low embodied energy of common materials used in this type of housing which we may call the most environmental friendly form of housing in Shiraz. Furthermore there is a substantial lack of data on embodied energy and carbon of materials in general, and in particular on the embodied energy and carbon of buildings to be able to do an entire evaluation of buildings in their life long period. So to do a complete research in building sector (life cycle assessment), including embodied energy, gray energy, operational energy, induced energy, Demolition/Recycling Energy, and retrofit energy are unavoidable.}, Keywords = {Prioritize,neighborhoods,public buildings,passive defense,Delphi technique}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {42-52}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-2922-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-2922-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Kameli, Mohsen and Hosseini, Bagher}, title = {The Prioritization of local public buildings in time of crisis based on passive defense approach by Delphi technique}, abstract ={Neighborhoods and public buildings are required to comply with specific criteria from the perspective of passive defense to survive and to continue its activities in conditions of crisis. In order to achieve the criteria, the recognition of threats and the priority of local public buildings based on various items can be helpful. The priorities explain which the user is more sensitive, more vulnerable and in times of crisis can be useful. The aim of the research is the priorities of existing buildings in the neighborhood on the field of functional necessity, the application in crisis and the sensitivity of the enemy. In times of crisis, Cities and accommodation and activity centers as well as public buildings as centers of human and material capital are the target for the enemy and attack them causes great damage. Accordingly, the neighborhoods that form the cities and public buildings in there are always on top of the important purposes of attackers. So through this paper study the urban buildings in the neighborhood of three terms of the amount of applicability in crisis, the sensitivity of the enemy and the sphere of functional necessity. Delphi technique used in this study and the research population included all defense experts and architecture, of which 12 samples selected. In general, the concept and household of neighborhood can be defined as different aspects of social, psychological, mental, cognitive, architecture (physical) and politically. Regarding to the world literature, two words, township and neighborhood can translated as the concept of neighborhood. While included the populations of them, respectively, 2000 and 10000 and 15000 to 40000 people. The first word is residential neighborhood that has a distinct identity but the second word refers to an area that in addition to large size has a diverse career opportunities. In urban classification, neighborhood is the first category and then the region, district, city and beyond, the next field. This neighborhood has the necessary equipment, including schools, supermarkets and entertainment centers. Public buildings of neighborhood that used as the first area of urban buildings including banks, shopping centers, libraries, mosques and religious sites, indoor clubs, schools, small industrial sites, hospitals, clinics and laboratories, emergency centers, subway, bus terminals, car parks, restaurants, fire station, power station, gas station, water and security centers. The purpose of measuring the important urban centers whit this benchmark is to find places that have the most users at the time of the invasion of the city, also have more effects in comparison with other users. This priority known against those places that is not effective in crisis. Identification of such sites has the advantage of looking for lasting strategic locations and finding solutions to maintain the physic and performance of those sites. Also, identify the places that the enemy does not considered as important targets and remove them from the priority of places in order to secure. If the domain of passive defense extended by the presence of some vital services after enemy attack, then the activities and places that are essential will identify during the threats. Other places that are diagnosed unnecessary or less effective, have the potential to change the physic to new performance. Provided that the architectural design is flexible and meet the vital needs of the city. In this study, the Delphi technique performed for the Prioritization of public buildings in terms of passive defense in times of crisis. The first point in the Delphi panel is the way to choose its members so that usually invited 10 to 15 specialists is the best for participation in Delphi. Delphi panel members for this study selected for non-probable sampling and combination of purposive or judgmental and sequential methods of 12 patients. In this method, the panel members usually offer their opinions in numbers, then the average is calculated by agree and disagree panel members, subsequently this information notified to members to obtain new ideas. In the next step, each member offers new opinion or modifies his previous opinion based on information obtained from the previous stage. This process continues until an average number is stable enough. The questionnaire designed as for the proposed priorities. According to the results shown the average per any local user, calculate by priority on the amount of applicability of the crisis, the sensitivity of the enemy and the sphere of functional necessity. In this way, there is priority on the amount of applicability of the crisis, the sensitivity of the enemy and the sphere of functional necessity for every 10 local buildings. The result in neighborhood suggests that priority applications on the sensitivity of the enemy, the first priority attack in the enemy point of view according to the panel members are military statins, power stations, gas stations and water centers. Mosques and religious sites, clinics and health centers, subway, parking and fire stations are as second priority and the banks, shopping centers and nonprofit services, libraries, indoor clubs, schools, kindergarten and restaurants is considered worthless attack. The priority on the sphere of functional necessity, clinics and health centers, subway, fire stations, power stations, gas stations, water centers and military stations are necessary, parking is rather essential and restaurants, libraries, Mosques and religious sites, indoor clubs, schools and kindergarten are non-performance. Also in priority on necessity in crisis, banks are non-usable, parking, schools and kindergarten, indoor clubs, Mosques and religious sites and libraries have possibility of granting new performance (indirect use) and shopping centers and nonprofit services, clinics and health centers, subway, fire stations, power stations, gas stations, water centers and military stations are a direct function (Maintain existing performance). The results in the prioritization in public buildings in the neighborhood suggest that the use in the prioritization in public buildings the neighborhood includes 10 users and each user also contains one or two sub-user. The applications analyzed based on three priorities (the amount of applicability in crisis, the sensitivity of the enemy and the sphere of functional necessity). The priority applications on the sensitivity of the enemy, the first priority attack in the enemy point of view according to the panel members are military statins, power stations, gas stations and water centers. The priority on the sphere of functional necessity, clinics and health centers, subway, fire stations, power stations, gas stations, water centers and military stations are necessary. In priority on necessity in crisis, shopping centers and nonprofit services, clinics and health centers, subway, fire stations, power stations, gas stations, water centers and military stations are a direct function (Maintain existing performance). Designing complex subway station and mixing them with crisis management provides an opportunity to understand multi-functional of station spaces. This article seeks to reduce vulnerabilities in the analysis subway stations measures to be considered as temporary accommodation in an emergencies and provide a safe space research questions inclusive weather do you have ability to the performance is also, in addition to its roles as station for transport and cultural and commercial complex; in critical condition become to temporary housing? Or what factors effect on flexibility of architectural complex subway? We have very good station complex in our country. A station complex itself consists of several levels of services areas include entertainment and office. This type of sorting and spatial layout is designed based on the needs. But in this paper we discussed bout benefits of this wide space and advantages of all the facilities and equipment in emergencies. Developing countries, including Iran, in addition to being more prone to accidents and natural disasters than other communities, total human casualties and property damage in case of accident these communities are heavier. To prevent the occurrence, planning to rescue damaged area and temporary accommodation, all communities need new Disaster Management. In the present study we have tried through a multi-functional and flexible design, the central station with the highest integrity economic, social and environmental be prepared to deal with the sudden crises. Despite the unexpected event and the space subway stations is located in the basement created a good spaces for sheltering people affected.}, Keywords = {Prioritize,neighborhoods,public buildings,passive defense,Delphi technique}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {53-64}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-134-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-134-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {KalantariKhalilAbad, Hosein and Kazemi, Mohammad and Heidari, Ali Akbar and Tabatabaian, Maryam and haghi, mehdi}, title = {Indigenous technology and architectural harmony with the climate ; The case of rural housing in the three zones in Semnan province}, abstract ={Every unit which has identity for purposes of role and outward appearance in the geographical space, and its location of the place in the space that is specified, it could be accounted as a building that settlement should be figured as a type of these units. Housing, as one of the basic needs of mankind, has economical, social, and cultural characteristics. Being multidimensional, housing has found its place in the priorities of human life. Meanwhile, development of urban society has found its roots in the rural way of life. Rural housing due to its functional role and its underlying effects on the everyday›s life reserves its own special importance. The rural housing has a remarkable differences to city housing not only from outward appearance aspects but also from respected contains. These differences could be found only by study of compatibility of them with the around natural environment and different housing functions compatible with the environment and villagers activities and besides that the traditional experiences of construction. The rural houses for their residents prepare the necessary spaces for living, store of food and other articles, the place for domestic animals, and a place as a community center for communications, exchange of views and so on. In reality components and spaces forms the elements of house of residential unit and eventually define the functions of rural houses. The rural houses have different functions. The study and investigation of architecture and structures of rural houses not only can recognize the circumstances of construction and experiences of formers in the architectural harmony with the environment and climate but also can be as a light in the improvement road of rural houses in front of responsible persons and experts. In the investigation and recognition of rural settlements, typology of villages in one of the objects that for ease of rural development planning always should be considered. In principal, the rural typology is one of the main rural geographical subjects. Diversity in the type of villages is a consequence of differences of factors and phenomena which has been effective in coming into existence of villages. In human subjects, type of villages as compared with (with regard to) physical factors is more effective of the social and economic structures of villages, although the physical factors also play their role. The spatial establishment model of rural settlements for the reason of dependence of its most productive activities. The natural conditions and factors, more than the urban settlements can be influenced by these factors. The public fabric of rural settlements states the shape, form and model that are resulted from influence of different factors in the village land and the method of connection and interaction of these elements and their characteristics. In this manner, the skeleton fabric of these settlements is the representation of the disciplined method of houses and establishment of agricultural land and also quality of setting the roads and squares (road system) next to each other (saeidi, 53 ,2002). Distinction and differentiation of density rate and shape (form) of each village can help the nature recognition and also the social – economical differences that are ruling it. In this matter, rural housing is manifestation place of livelihood – living methods and eventually forces and environmental key factors and social- economical trends are effective on shaping up them. In this research, the method of study is based on field and document study, that documental method is including written document in the area of rural life and statistical resources. In the field study method for investigation of housing characteristics in the rural fabric, four principal methods of cluster sampling have been used. In this cluster category, it is tried the majority methods and also the ones from space point of view are usable and it is possible to use them in making model and repair for preservation of rural culturalheritage should be chosen. In choosing some models, regional native characteristics are considered in a way that housing as an outcome and product of architecture with the climatic conditioning of the zones are harmonized. Settlements of Semnan province in regard of natural environment characteristics and also from extent and population is confronted by the diversity. In this manner, for sampling, at the beginning, settlements of province based on population and four separated cities have been categorized in four population zones. Then for the reason of natural limitation establishment and forming of the settlements that following it in the fabric whole construction and rural housing has had remarkable influence. Four zones of villages in each city of province from natural establishment model point of view have been divided in three mountainous, hillside and flat zones. The results of investigations show that position and climatic geographic characteristics have a significant role in rural housing fabric and outward appearance and forming model of spaces, function of rural housing and types of construction materials of housing fabric of village which have been used with the native traditions and public recognition of material production technology and implementation of efficient models in the architecture of building housing have been continuous and sustainable. Investigation of rural housing architecture as a guide can play a role in development and improvement of rural housing in front of planners and experts. In this article, investigation of rural housing characteristics in three zones of flat, hillside and mountainous have been done and recognition and investigation of some of the housing models in each zone, the internal form and function of rural housing and the type of materials that have been used in houses. In this research, choosing some of the models with the pre-assumption that is being efficient and also possibility of copying of model along with construction and with repair and rehabilitation of housing in rural fabric provides the possibility of harmony of housing with climate for residents. The results of investigations show that situation, geographic factors and characteristics have a significant role in development of architecture models proportional to climate in each zone and rural housing outward appearance has formed proportional to them. Based on investigations that have been done in the region of study of housing units regarding to extent, form, shape and different spaces of each housing unit have been divided in three kinds of main spaces and the type of establishment and directional spaces are influenced by natural conditions that common model of space making in each of the zone in establishment of space model and choosing direction related to radiation and wind that get into shape. Also, materials and the type of construction materials that are used in housing fabric which is depending on natural environment and has a great support of native material. The role of the yard in every three zones in the organizing of spaces has been effective and common face of all the models. Also veranda in hillside and mountainous zones has a remarkable role between human and environment in outward appearance and fabric of some villages in aesthetics point of view and also in climatic has been significant. Some of the important materials that are used in housing are sun-dried brick, stone, brick and wood that have direct relation with regional native and geographic conditions. The other important point in rural architecture is the good interaction and the housing and influence of native and cultural characteristics of builders of buildings that shows their role in simplicity and clearness of spaces also the possibility of alternation and floating of activity in spaces and models could be seen. Product of this approach produces native architecture and harmony with climate that should be seen between human and nature and also can be found identicalness with architecture.}, Keywords = {Climate Change,Resilience,Low-carbon urban design,Zero-carbon neighborhood,Urban design criteria}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {65-79}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-542-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-542-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Lotfi, Sahand and Sholeh, Mahsa and Farmand, Maryam and Fattahi, Kaveh}, title = {Urban Design Criteria for Zero-Carbon Neighborhoods}, abstract ={Improving the quality of life has always been considered as one of the human purposes. “creating and maintaining balance between natural and built environment” has a significant role in improving the quality of life. Before industrial revolution, man and nature always was in balance but after formation of industrial revolution this balance was faded and lost ,over the years. This imbalance, reached the highest level in the second half of the last century. During the second half of the last century, the world’s urban population has increased tremendously. Migration to cities has primarily occurred, and will continue to happen, in the so-called less developed countries as the result of increased economic and social opportunities offered in urban areas and the degradation of rural economies and societies. The extremely rapid urbanization has led to extremely serious environmental, social, political, economic, institutional, demographic and cultural problems. The tremendous increase in the world’s population and in urbanization is the main reason for the continuous increase of energy demand and consumption in most countries. Building sector and transportation sector are the major consumers of energy in many cities. To responding energy demand of these sectors, the use of fossil fuel is rising. One of the consequences of this rising, is increasing pollutant like greenhouse gases. Increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is leading to climate change. According to IPCC report in 2014, GHG emission is the major cause of climate change. Climate change brought about by man-made emissions of greenhouse gases has been identified as the greatest challenge facing human society at the beginning of the twenty first century. Climate change, it is predicted, may potentially damage every natural and human system on the planet. Today, climate change is became as one of the most important concerns of scientific and political circles, so It is clear that urgent action is needed and that the scale and scope of such action will be hugely varied. At present, the main worldwide response to the threat of climate change is mitigation; especially the lowering of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across a variety of scales. The preponderance of scientific evidence suggests that climate change is caused and exacerbated by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and that lowering the amount of gas being emitted will limit climate change effects. An increasing amount of climate research now points to adaptation as a necessary means of addressing unavoidable climate change impacts. Adaptation to climate change refers to efforts to develop resilience to predicted or potential climate impacts and effects before and as they happen. In order to responding climate change- as the biggest crisis of this era- and achieving adaptation to climate change, proposing efforts and strategies in various disciplines is inevitable and unavoidable. Urban design and its strategies can have a key role to responding climate change impacts and achieve adaptation. But it is obvious that traditional urban design is not sufficient to responding this. A new paradigm is required to develop resilient cities that can adapt and thrive in changing global conditions, meet the requirements of carbon-reduction and other environmental measures, and sustain urban populations in more compact settings by providing amenities that people need and want. The scope and speed of current changes demands that urban designers define compelling visions and integrated design measures for shaping resilient cities. From energy and transportation to water and green infrastructure, urban designers can shape these systems to shrink our ecological footprint, configure resilient urban form and adapt our cities to climate change. A climate-resilient urban design strategy requires expanding traditional place-making urban design qualities to include principles of sustainable design such as resilience, comfort, resource efficiency, and biotic support. Today, resilience is one of the most important qualities that considered in urban design. There are various ways to achieve resiliency through urban design. Reducing CO2 emission is the most known and common way to achieve resiliency. In the past, efforts at reducing CO2 have focused primarily on building scale (low to zero-energy buildings). While there has been great progress in the energy efficient buildings over the past forty years, buildings alone do not include transportation and infrastructure systems (energy, water and waste) as part of the design process, so low-carbon urban design is considered as an inevitable necessity. Low-carbon urban design principles can be classified into sevencategories which are called as “seven rules of sustainable and low-carbon urban design”. These principles include: 1)restore streetcar city, 2)designing an interconnected street system, 3)locate commercial services, frequent transit, and school within a five-minute walk, 4)locate good jobs close to affordable homes, 5) provide a diversity of housing types, 6)create a linked system of natural areas and parks,7)invest in lighter, greener, cheaper, and smarter infrastructure. These principles represent the elements of a whole. Achieving one without the others – particularly if it is at the expense of the others – will be of limited value and could be counterproductive. Low-carbon urban design principles and strategies can be applied in different scales. Among the scales proposed for urban design, neighborhood is recognized as an appropriate scale for application of low to zero-carbon urban design strategies, because it aggregates all the systems and flows. It has the potential to integrate the design of transportation, buildings, infrastructures, landscape and land-use while engaging the design of public realm as part of the system. This article seeks to present the urban design criteria for low to zero-carbon neighborhood by exploring the studies and the best practices (in Freiburg, Hannover, Stockholm, Malmö and London) to create low to zero carbon neighborhoods. The result of the research is shown as urban design criteria which categorized by urban form and building typology, transportation and land-use, energy, landscape design and creativity. These criteria not only is in consistent with the low – carbon urban design principles, but also if these criteria are applied in an integrated way, we can expect creating a low to zero-carbon neighborhood; A neighborhood with qualities, such as local identity, inclusion, human scale, lower energy consumption, lower CO2 emissions and, most importantly, greater resilience.}, Keywords = {Climate Change,Resilience,Low-carbon urban design,Zero-carbon neighborhood,Urban design criteria}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {80-92}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-10005-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-10005-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Latifie, Mohhamad and Daneshjoo, Khosro}, title = {The Creation of an Architectural Work within the Creation of the Universe Regarding the Holy Quran}, abstract ={“Create” is the Lord’s act and “creator” and “creativity” are among his characteristics. Since he has created the man from his effigy and has blown through his soil, as the Lord’s Caliph on earth, the man requires to be a symbol of the God’s characteristics. “Create” and “creation” are virtually ascribed to the man, as well, indicating the creation of artistic works and creativity in acts and deeds. They are meant to signify inventiveness, capability of dominating the creatures, tackling the problems, providing, preparing and constructing the most appropriate living conditions. This seems to be quite plausible in the present era since the man has gained power in dominating the creatures. The present study investigates a path to the creation of artistic works, in particular, architecture by comparing it to the procedure of creation in nature and generally to the universe regarding Islam and the Holy Quran. Also, it discusses the interaction between an architect and the whole universe and envisages a general perspective based upon his own creation. In this regard, this study seeks answers to the following questions: ● Is the man_ himself as a creature _capable of creating? ● What are the principles and features taken into account regarding the creation of the universe? ● What are the commonalities between the creation of the universe and the creation of an architectural work? In so doing, a library research and a field study is applied considering interpretational analysis. It, then, follows that as the Lord endows the spirit of creation into the man’s corpse, the man his Caliph on earth_ also gives life to raw materials by blowing his spirit of creation and there comes the birth of Art from mankind. In a sense, creation is always performable and within the procedures of creation opposite elements are juxtaposed to supplement each other; a kind of variation from the same origin to perfection. In other words it can be pointed out that in creation the Lord has manifested integrity by similarity and has endowed identity to every element by purification.}, Keywords = {Creation,Universe,Architecture,Similarity,Purification}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {5-15}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-4862-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-4862-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Azemati, Hamidreza and Aminifar, Zinat and Pourbagher, Somayeh}, title = {spatial Layout Pattern of New Schools based on the Principles of Islamic Schools, to Improving Students Learning}, abstract ={The purpose of the present study was to use the architectural patterns of Islamic schools in order to provide guidelines for physical environmental design of modern schools based on enhancing users’ learning. Schools, as the most important places to train human forces, play an important role in enhancing learning levels of people. Therefore, designing appropriate environments regarding students’ comprehensive development is a necessity. Spatial order and the relationship between spaces are important factors in providing physical and mental comfort for users. The spatial arrangements define communications, events and experiences within the space of interest. On the other hand, study of Islamic schools’ architecture can help the understanding of physical criteria affecting school design. The present study investigated the determining factors of physical arrangements in Islamic period schools and comparing them with modern schools, with the purpose of enhancing learning. The method of this study was quantitative-qualitative that has been conducted analytically and as survey. The sample of this study consisted of all art teachers and high school teachers of Zahedan province in the academic year of 2015-2016. In this study, Multistage Cluster Sampling method was used and the sample consisted of 310 subjects. The researchers extracted effective variables through library investigations and studying the samples of Islamic period schools in Iran. In the next stage, the obtained variables were analyzed and after confirming the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, it was used to assess the sample’s point of view. The obtained results were analyzed in SPSS software. The results indicate that the physical arrangements have positive effects on users’ learning. These criteria consist of walking in the environment, flexibility, open and roofed spaces, the relationship between inside and outside spaces, furniture, and space categories. Finally, the research findings have been formulated as the design principles of modern schools in order to enhance users’ learning.           Considering each of the environmental criteria as design principles of modern schools based on enhancing leaning will be as follows: 1. Space categories: Putting together the spaces with similar performance Separating spaces with different functions to avoid noise pollution transmission 2. Hierarchy and movement in space: Designing appropriate dimensions for the classes by predicting the movement space around the benches Observing the communicative hierarchies of various spaces Converting movement and communicative routes to learning environments by predicting seating and study spaces to adjust corridors and stairs spaces   3. Designing flexible spaces: The possibility to change class space for various individual and group activities Dedicating flexible and independent space to educational and cultural activities Designing collective spaces as open plan and the possibility to divide spaces with light and movable walls Creating multipurpose spaces for rest, study, etc. Participation of users in changing the furniture and space arrangements 4. Open and roofed spaces Designing learning yards by providing the opportunity for empirical learning Crating differences in yard floor and resting spaces for small and large groups Combining open and green spaces between closed spaces in a scattered manner 5. The relationship between inside and outside spaces Designing semi-open spaces for group activities Providing good prospects towards the outdoor in the corridors, halls and classrooms Extending the closed spaces towards yard using terraces, semi-open corridors and using canopy walls Designing semi-open spaces for resting along with the green spaces 6. Furniture Designing furniture through providing easy mobility and verbal and visual communication}, Keywords = {Islamic schools,promote learning,spatial layout,educational space}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {16-23}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-8365-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-8365-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Hamzenejad, Mahdi and Dashti, Mi}, title = {I ranian traditional houses from the perspective of phenomenologists and moral traditionalists}, abstract ={Home is the space which man lives in. The man along with families will find comfort and belonging in their home. Houses are important in shaping human character and behavior, therefore It is necessary to deal with it, especially in today›s time. Home is the place where people need to spend a lot of time in it. They do their own work in it, spend time with their family and give meaning to it by living there, home and humans give two sided meaning. The Issue that home is a meaningful place and nowadays by reducing qualities, it›s means has been greatly faded and homes sometimes are as diminished as a shelter, is the fact that is common in the two perspectives of «phenomenology» and « sacred traditionalism». The point is how the values of home are defined in these two views. Each of these approaches provide a definition of houses which are similar to traditional home. Investigating the similarities is done in conclusion of the study. In fact the question is that which one of the dimensions of the Iranian traditional house are understandable in structure of the two sacred traditionalism and phenomenological approaches, and what are the commonalities and differences between the two approaches in Iranian traditional house. Analysis of Iranian traditional home with this two approaches, is important because both approaches have differences and strengths which can help us in deep and deeper understanding. Nowadays phenomenology is one of the most important approaches of Western which has done many studies to understand the quality of home and its concepts, and it also emphasizes the historical dimension of homes and old houses. Therefore it is one of the most appropriate approaches to recognition of traditional eastern homes, and nowadays its promoting by many theorists in this communities. On the other hand sacred traditionalism approach has an important insights in East, which are supported by religion and eastern view, and offers specific approach in defining architecture and therefore its appropriate for Better understanding of the Iranian traditional homes. The phenomenological interpretation of home is one of the most important qualitative approaches in this area on the world architecture theoretical literature. That little has been done about Iranian homes. Versus in Iran, as in many countries of Eastern spiritually oriented approaches such moral traditionalism are considered more. This study sought to examine that criteria of which of the two views of phenomenology and moral traditionalism is more consistent with the concept of traditional Iranian home And how to use both as complementary approaches can demonstrate unexplored dimensions of Iranian home. The purpose of designing this issue is discovering the meaning of true living in traditional houses as a basis for analyzing in order to correct the process of building box-like and lifeless houses nowadays. Since the Basics of this two Eastern and Western approaches which have been considered by Iranian designers nowadays have differences Scholarly study of the similarities and differences between the two approaches is needed. This study at first defines the Home concepts in terms of moral traditionalists and phenomenologists. Sacred traditionalists are in blive that home is the place in which with declining daily concern man can find a relaxation to think about itself and his God. A peace for growth and development of the member of family and Achieve a feeling of relaxation. To understand the qualities of a home in this view, it is essential to understand the basics of traditional Islamic architecture. Nader Ardalan and Laleh Bakhtiar (1999) introduce the essential elements of traditional Islamic architecture as the key of understanding these principles, which include: Orientation of the space, qualitative Polarization and the relationship between space and symbolic forms . these qualities will be enhanced by perceptional playing in the form of light, geometry and weight. These three elements are the main elements of Islamic architecture introduced by Burckhardt (Sartipipour, 2008). Phenomenologists (Bachelard, 1994) defines the house as a collection of imaginations that provides reasons or delusions of stability. Phenomenologists deem artistic works as the representation of life condition and the architecture as the tangible realization of existential space (Shultz, 1980). Bachelard explores residency in imagination and dreams; accordingly the house is regarded as the inner sanctum (Bachelard.1994). It detaches the type of memories occurred in the house from those be fallen in the world outside in a way that the memories pertaining to the house augment the treasury of our dreams. He introduces the house space as a poetic and romantic space in which understanding of its poetic depth is feasible via the brilliant evocation through poems rather than memories.The concept of «past» is highlighted in the interpretation of the house propounded by Heidegger (2009, p.34); he asserts «like a strayed ship, house is an outstanding piece of the past». The character of houses, are replete with life, peace, and comfort owing to their centralism and introspection as well as to the presence of Nature (yard) in their center. Walls and borders with their unique quality and plentiful penumbra are integral portion of the house and various open spaces in the walls of the rooms impart miscellaneous qualities of the dialectical relationship between Nature and rooms. Due to the spaces with diverse qualities and special manifestation of lights and colors, the rooms are crammed full of fantasy and memorable moments. Secondly the study evaluate the physical of traditional Iranian home with this both approaches. Traditionalists interpret home with symbols such as light, colors and mirrors. According to this Approach, Iranian House has formed from the «yard»,» balcony» and «rooms» which respectively represent the «spirit» and «soul» and «body». In phenomenology approache, Iranian houses are generally center-oriented and the center is nature. Border have defined courtyard and the rooms with diverse qualities. Different openings in wall of the porch and rooms are maked diverse qualities of the dialectic between courtyard and rooms. The character of Iranian home is full of peace and life because of the nature, and full of fancy and memory because of spaces with different qualities, and the special light and color in a room. Finally, by comparing these two approaches a multi-layered system of values in Iranian traditional houses will find. The Uncoordinated principles and features of an Iranian home are also introduced. This study shows that traditional Persian houses are accountable in various aspects and their analysis in different approaches can provide us new valves of this valuable art. For example Iranian traditional houses can response psychological, existential and nature-oriented dimensions of phenomenological approach and heavenly, spiritual and intuition dimensions of traditionalism. The research also shows that Iranian traditional houses has reached to a level of art and truth that can appear different levels of meaning. The spaces of such house, in addition to responding to the daily needs, connect the human life to memories and dreams and is Responsive to different mental needs. Iranian traditional home takes his identity from human and gives identity to him and by engaging the five senses of human beings, helps to connotation understanding of the house.}, Keywords = {phenomenology,moral traditionalism,Iranian traditional houses}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {24-35}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-895-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-895-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Mohamadzade, Rahmat and Javanroudi, Kav}, title = {Redesign of Collective and Private Spaces of Public Apartments to Enhancing Social Health in Iranian-Islamic Structure Case study: Baharestan 2 complex, Sanandaj}, abstract ={This article is an attempted to redesign of communal and private spaces in public apartments to enhancing social health with the case study of Baharestan 2 complex of Sanandaj city. The Baharestan complex is a public apartment which is built by governmental organizations. The complex is placed on southern part of the city and in a half-old and half-modern context. This residential complex construction process has begun in 2007 by Bonyad-Maskan (Housing Institute) organization and now all constructions are done. Studies indicates that most of residents are dissatisfied from limited spaces, ignoring cultural and social contrast which result in low congruence and convergence of collective and private spaces. In the first look, uniformity of buildings and similarity of blocks over the complex will result visual confusion and reduces sense of place in residents. Also residents complained about some collective, semi collective and private spaces like lobby, waiting hall, corridors and interior plan. This kind of construction reduces value of home in to building which result in increasing soulless spaces. Thus problems of Baharestan 2 complex can be consider as Social health issues. Hence, the relative reduction of problems and subsequently enhancing residents Social-environment statues with architectural design approach is the main purpose of this study. Housing as a place of residence and mental comfort, is one of the human basic needs. Bachelard defines home as internal space regarding external spaces like cities, streets, farms, seas, nature and even universe; a place for fostering dreams. At other hand, Heidegger thinks basic crisis of home is not lack of construction, but is human desire to residence. Schultz defines residence as establishment of a deep relationship between human and surrounded environment. This relationship is an attempt to granting identity and sense of place to a place and emphasizes that human would consolidate if he finds his home. Rappaport believes that home is consist of several parameters but social and cultural aspects are the most important. At other hand WHO defines “Health” as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. The Definition has not been amended since 1948. Also in 1986 WHO said that “a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.” In this definition, each member of a family is a member of society and welfare of a member is connected to welfare and health of others. In a residential complex underlying motivations as social stability, reduce conflict and social problems, strengthening social stimuli or perhaps local support is of particular importance. According to Mead (1973) there are several factors which makes a residential complex in to a desired one. These factors are: Compatible neighbors, sense of community and a sense of continuity, knowledge of the biosphere and sense of common destiny. Also diversity, avoiding social-separation, social integration, coexistence, sharing values, lack of social stress, lack of inhibition to develop links with local citizens, ownership, encourage collaboration, safety, security and trust, protection of accidents, theft and vandalism , feedback, participation, effectiveness in decisionmaking, planning and open decision-making, active control mechanisms and appropriate services, are other included factors. Whereas social environment should be compatible with community values. It means that social environment should encourage individual to control and monitor, not to pushing stress on them and deprived them of necessary drivers. Lynch believes human should be able to see well and hear well and interact with others in the community. Elements and components such as the environment, hallway, door, stairs and slopes must comply with individual and social needs of residents. According to Levine, social health is to answer to this fundamental question that whether it be natural method (peaceful or compatible) and acceptable to continue to live with others. Also a method presented to define social health in physical environment design. As social integration concept three subject defined: Social facilitation (social initiation, observability, convergence and accommodation) regarding to intermediary space like corridor, hall and entrance space, social participation (Possibility of choice, productive participation) regarding to personal space like housing unit and social mingling in relation with local community assumed as apartment building. With this background, this paper is dealing with serious problems in residential plans, and specially focused on redesigning collective and semi collective spaces like lobby, waiting hall and corridors, and also possible considerations applied in private plans. This article is a resaerch with survey method. For selecting the respondent›s imporbable sampling method was used. Research has been consist of visionary part (articles, books, specialty Journals, consulting with professors and experts), and operational (analyzing architectural palns, documents, questionaries, workshops with some residents, providing photos and Maping). Workshops with public notification and the presence of a number of heads of household and board of directors in buildings held three sessions. In addition existing and corrective plans evaluated by thirty resident with simple random sampling method. The main assumption was that the proposed plans was to reduce the costs of interventions so that no financial pressure felt by residents and also increases amount of community participation. The questionnaire includes four existing and proposed plans and results in the form of bar graphs extracted and presented in each section. Also data has been analysed with SPSS17.0. Statstical software. Proposed plans defined and designed according to workshops and data obtained from survey research. Quaternaries results indicated that 85 percent of residents are not satisfied with existing plans and about 74 percent are satisfied with proposed plan of lobby. 73 percent of residents are not satisfied with existing plans and about 50 percent are satisfied with proposed plan waiting hall. 70 percent of residents are not satisfied with existing plans and about 74 percent are satisfied with proposed plan corridors. 67 percent of residents are not satisfied with existing plans and about 70 percent are satisfied with proposed interior plan. All in all results indicated that resident are not satisfied with collective, semi collective and private spaces. After accurate explaining of problems and issues, by two-dimension plans, various options presented and after analyzing and discussions and also holding numerous specialty meetings with some residents, final option was chosen and finally plans in details was designed. Main hypothesis of the study was reduction of interventions Costs, to minimizing financial pressure on resident sand increases community participation of residents. Results of the paper has a good agreement with previous studies in this field like Newman (1974), Beer and Higgins (2011), Lynch (2010), Greenbie (1974), and Cooper and Sarkissian (1986), as presented in discussion. All in all, the article as a result emphasizes on requisite of healthy, design, pleasant and sustainable, Particular attention to the needs, desires, and social patterns of the residents general population as main owners of building. There is no doubt that alongside this issue, a lot of mental, social, economic factors have roles in how people behave towards the environment, thus planners and designers should consider appropriate manners.}, Keywords = {collective and private spaces,social health,public apartments,Sanandaj}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {36-47}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-8717-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-8717-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Medghalchi, Leila and Ansari, Mojtaba and Bemanian, Mohammadreza and Pourjafar, Mohammadrez}, title = {Spatial continuity in contemporary Iranian architecture}, abstract ={Will you not then think? (Al-A›raf/ 169), Almighty God has invited the man to think and reason out anywhere of Qur›an. Intellect and reasoning are concepts that always have been reflected purposively, by philosophers and thinkers, in a different world view and to fit within the definition of man and his distinction from other creatures (animals). For in Shi›ism as a result of the impact of these substantive issues, it became distinguishing school from other schools of thought.» Shia Intellectual Thought» is as a distinctive element of other Islamic thought, affects Shia philosophers, result the definitions of intellectual worlds, and has been manifested in the physical or tangible world. In the meantime, manifests and arts of man-made due to manifesting glories of intellectual world in the world of the senses, the downward trend (trend from God), as well as preparing the ground for development of the human soul in the arc of ascent (trend to God) was considered by many thinkers. So the study, assuming that the art of landscape architecture of the Safavid period, with an emphasis on Shi›ism and thought of philosophers such as MullaSadra as Shiite thinkers could qualify as lasting in the minds of Iranian- Islamic national identity, survey the idea that the rational is this thought. This article attempts to answer this question that components and dimensions of the field of rational thinking and the how Safavid Shi›a architecture are reflected in landscape architecture? This article by considering the implications of appearance and reality, truth and the world of justice, magnitude and geometry as influential concepts in Islamic thought and Shia, is trying to find the relationship between these concepts in landscape architecture of the Safavid period. As the studies show that the Islamic world view has considered for anything outward and inner meaning, as know the birthplace of this world and introduce their meaning in the worlds of meaning and understanding of the essence of the person, even though at the levels of perception. If, as in all affairs are the internal and external traits, man also has the rational soul, not isolated and has both of these attributes. It can be concluded that the effect of landscape architecture and generally any man-made will stay good and durability that is capable of understanding it for appearance and reality. It looks trend or pass from appearance to reality of the body of architecture; means that the matter at the possession of architect became a material distances of its physical mode and closes up to its inner mode. Therefore, the requisite of this trend in the face of material is that to make their essential physical aspects hidden and this could be done by smoothing the levels, generally transparent and delicate, ”removing featuring physical adjectives». Artist man by using the capabilities and capacities of its existence (appearance) and also by resorting to inside can after ascending trend in the world receive intellectual intuition, with the creation of the signs of the world’s top witness in the world (by art and architecture here), be the underlying growth of origin, intellectual and other creatures is to receive the vision. And in these ways need to be able to exhibit these meanings in it. Of the other reviewed concepts in this article can be referred to the concept of justice; Islamic philosophers, hold noumenal true for justice, so that the stability of the world as it is and whatever it outside is doomed to fall and straying and it mediates communication with the realm of the sensible world knows and expresses the position of each object in its place. Islamic thinkers have been written books and numerous articles on this subject and many fields have expressed to justice but here it is enough to pay attention to only the meanings of justice and equity that the purpose of the article and indicate its relationship to the words, and its relation to the brains. With regard to the characteristics and meanings of the word of righteousness and justice, we can fit the words, the balance (for stability), survival, intermediate between the sensible and intelligible world in a set. On the other hand some of these words could have physical meanings, in space design and landscape architecture influence as a result of the intelligible world and the world of the senses are the belts and this is exactly (= proportion, balance and fit everything in its place) is what itcan be used as one of the physical dimensions of rational named one hand, the importance of the sense in Shi›ism (If you are a member of the Shiite religious principles) is next marker of Shiite rational thinking. Designing landscape architecture by worldview of Islamic thinkers and philosophers of Islam, to become inner meanings and the meanings supernatural world of the senses, and to reach outward to the inward journey and vice versa and also a manifestation of the concept of justice requires a tool by which a body of material life, and the divine spirit in which brightens up this way, architecture is a platform for the emergence of rational universe works, and flowering of reason and intellection of its audience, to feed in much higher existence. Organize the space through architecture and landscape architecture, with the aim of reason (and connect with the divine) requires a quality space that is associated. In this regard, according to the divine attribute such a geometry that semantic connection between the sensible and intelligible world is established, the words of the Quran and hadith assistance is intended, and the word ”Magnitude» according to the research conducted and appropriate interpretations of this theme. If more researchers, the geometry of Islamic science in the Quran is so closely linked to the concept and it recreated some sort of divine destiny and determine architectural and geometric forms of art introduced. The relationship between the magnitude and the world, for example, that the importance of the traditions of Islamic art on the principles verify. And in a sense, geometry noted the creation of permanent freezing of the sensible world to the world of the intellectual world that exists and is a language of reason. According to pave the presence of Shi›ism in the Safavid period, causing physical manifestation we see these concepts in landscape architecture, which have a rich concepts, as well as the potential impact of philosophical views during this period, have managed, lasting element in strengthening and lead to enhancing the rational perceptions . This paper tries to rely on the Qur›an, the traditions and ideas of Mulla Sadra, examined landscape architecture of Shiite Safavid of Isfahan within the realm of thinking, reasoning and criteria and physical manifestations of it under rational human perception. This research by using library studies, delving into the philosophical and religious studies, seeking to provide interpretation based on rational thinking in terms of Shia Safavid period. Findings show that the Iranian landscape architecture, especially Iran garden, which has well-known and long-lasting historical background, is a pattern for different centuries; during this period, by using the concepts emerging from this thinking, to concepts like world of justice and much greater.}, Keywords = {intellectual realm,Shia art,intellectual thought,geometry,landscape architecture of Safavid Era}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {48-59}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-6586-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-6586-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Zarghami, Esmail and Sadat, Seyedeh Ashraf}, title = {A comparative analysis of indicators of housing on the basis of today\'s Persian-Islamic culture with apartment housing}, abstract ={Home is the first human space in which to experience the sense of space. Building a house is a cultural phenomenon, and the shape and spatial organization is strongly influenced by culture which it belongs. Neglect or lack of adequate housing with the Islamic Iranian approach that values and traditions in the face of the housing body and trampled, and people benefit from good deeds and keep its value. Concerns related to the past and failure in creating an architecture that can properly continue the development of history and architectural values and have a share in the world›s contemporary architecture And to contribute to the objectives and components of fundamental Islamic Iranian traditional architecture, Based on these concepts and applying them in a new frame necessitates the attention to today›s architecture. Home environment as an important part of community life and its cultural manifestations, from the perspective of doctor pirnia: «Home is where the residents are feeling upset and inside the house where women and children lived, should have a large variety to Do not feel fatigue . The most striking features that can be named to the Big House: - The co-existence of three types of open, semi-open and closed. - There are specific installation in any building space for the three species. - There are various whole space of the private sphere to the public at home. - The possibility of the private lives of families in all three types of space. - Flexible space to a dynamic lifestyle and behavior of human cases. Entrance, the spatial index and the adequacy of possible pause. The most familiar symbol of the entrance to the house was home, but semi-private spaces that the privacy of the home and the neighbors began to get to the entrance. Iranian house in terms of spatial variation was too high and it was seen in very diverse areas. Home is the most important criterion to evaluate the city›s physical shape and obviously no house loses everything in their meaning.and functions to consider and simply removed from the location of other city can say to set it. It is stated that the concept of home: the house is the birthplace of the hierarchy of the various functions of living need to live in a house for us is always there in tablet or elsewhere, says is settled to be space in which the concept the home of it. Home is not only asylum Drhfaz days and nights we could have it your closet because of our past, we have repeatedly opened and closed. Islamic civilization trait of the house in operation, according to the houses are situated, stillness and peace: and Allah Jllkm I settled Byvtkm (Nahl verse 80) God gave you a comfort for your home. Name the location of this attribute (inertia), ie housing on the property of the family life implies, many times in the Qur›an and the fact that houses are a symbol and a source of comfort, the architects have employed a variety of measures.The houses spatial organization closely associated with the way people and a variety of intermediate spaces simultaneously separating and connecting the spaces are. Another feature of Iranian house Fzahast ability to use the constituent elements of this empowerment happens space. In today›s society, the houses are made from the perspective and quantitative methods and qualitative aspects have not paid much attention to the people in their home environment and not recognized and Iranian calm and quiet the house is expected to, housing today is not responsive to their needs. Lack of quality in housing would undermine the sanctity of the family, adverse effects on children and families belonging to the house eliminates. The assumptions considered in this study include: 1.satisfied residents living in Islamic housing and the connections between people are as meaningful and positive. 2. components of security and comfort, privacy, use of natural factors and humility and authenticity in apartment house in improving the quality of housing today with Islamic Iran Quality importance and necessity of this research is effective, all of us are Muslims and in the community Muslim lives-wemust use the housing Iranians have which features a housing in which to achieve peace. This study, by recognizing the sensitivity and importance of housing and desirable identity, necessity, and research in this field, both in Islam and in the field of architecture and urban planning principles and principles of Islam, according to the needs and circumstances of the present essential-knows. Because the influence of Islamic values living spaces in all, a very useful and positive. The selection of this project is trying to respond to one of the country›s current problems is the lack of implementation of housing today with Iranian-Islamic criteria.It is expected, based on the principles for housing contemporary Iranian Islamic law can be extracted. The opposite can be done.presented. These principles, how Muslims live and how their relationship with the community and the surrounding area offer. According to Iran›s Culture and Islamic architecture, houses should be built in such a way that these principles into consideration and, therefore, designers should use these principles as policy design. In other words, houses an Iranian Muslim and Islamic beliefs and the result of Iranian cultural values consistent with it. The research method is a descriptive survey to determine the needs and requirements of the current situation of Iranian-Islamic architectural design has been done we do. And by distributing questionnaires among the professionals and graduates heading architecture. Qualitative research method in this study is an analysis and survey. The population in this research professionals and students of architecture in the University (martyr Rajaee Teacher Training, Tehran University of Qom, Mashhad Ferdowsi) is. Sampling randomly from among graduates and professionals with a sample size of 150 is architecture and accuracy the number of samples were confirmed using Cronbach and the size is perfect to fill the questionnaire. Current research tool in the study of the documents, the most important library resources such as books, magazines, study of written documents, regulations and is planning projects. In addition, the study of different means and methods of data collection used questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaire consisted of three questions open and 41 closed questions is the main aim of the Islamic-Iranian architecture of the residential variable and discover how accurate their priorities from the perspective of university professors, experts in the field of architecture. After collecting data from sample results for the descriptive analysis in the form of charts and tables, etc. show and then using statistical analysis using software SPSS21 to a series of appropriate information to It was designed to help. The results show that to return to the Iranian- Islamic architecture pattern, in the design and implementation of modern residential complexes, four factors «comfort and safety», «privacy», «natural agents» and «humility in the house» are as shared characteristics, factors on the basis of today›s Iranian Islamic culture and apartment housing.}, Keywords = {housing,home of Iranian index,housing traditional,architecture of Islamic}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {60-72}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-500-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-500-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Ziary, Somayyeh and Ziary, Keramatollah and Abdoli, Mohammadrez}, title = {Analysis of Population Changes and Activity in Tehran Metropolis Exclusion zone and Its Management Requirements}, abstract ={It seems that the issue of exclusion of cities and its management after collapsing physical walls of city is regarded as an important issue toward development and guidance of city. For achieving to this goal the required conditions and tools shall be provided.One of the most paramount points which should be taken into consideration in physical and spatial Organization of Iranian – Islamic metropolitans is the transformation of villas and villages and existing cities in connection with metropolitans. Regarding the fact that the expansion of urbanism as a demographic phenomenon has been closely entwined with the activities done in the cities, and considering the fact that the expansion of physical boundaries of the cities occurs due to the accumulation of population, each and every single kind of control over the privacy of the metropolitans is according to the study of the bilateral relationship existing between population and activity in the scope of the city privacy. This research relies on a descriptive- analysis approach and by using the population prediction models and activity prediction models scrutinize the current situation of activities and population of Tehran and probe into its further changes. The results of this research reveals the fact that the population and activity growth is still continuing in Tehran and its suburbs, and the reduction in the number of habitats and workshops in some periods of census does not mean the evacuation of settlements or the factory closures, but it discloses The phenomenon of early disruption of rural areas and their merger, the expansion of Tehran, and an alteration in the statistical area at the time of census. Spatial organization of centers of work & activity in Tehran by its environmental condition, settlement patterns, economic activities (and their changes), and social processes. A large number of factors affect the city’s spatial organization and the dispersal of activities, the most important of which are the city’s environmental, historical, socio-economic, transportation, and economic structures. In recent years, due to a lack of governmental control, interference of decisions made by authorities, and the adoption of uncoordinated policies of land management, Tehran has experienced irreparable bioenvironmental damages; farming lands have been sold illegally and turned into residential areas and more and more unofficial settlements have appeared to accommodate low income groups. The spatial distribution of the people migrating to Tehran in various periods shows that due to the social and economic changes happening in the country, the number and origin of migrants have also changed. During the years 1976 to 1986, migration from villages to cities did not cease. The villagers suffering from the consequences of the Land Reform made before the revolution and the consequences of the imposed war after the revolution continued to rush to cities. The migrants came to Tehran from the south and the northwest. The greatest number of migrants came to the city of Tehran were from Tehran province A glance at the map of Tehran and its surrounding settlements shows that most of these settlements, situated in the fertile plain of the south and southwest of Tehran and the west of Karaj, have a population of over 5000 (potential candidates for becoming a city) or a population of between 2000 to 5000. Settlements on this plain have always had the potential for turning into a city. It has good soil, a moderate slope, and easy access to water and main roads. In addition to population, many large industrial units are settled there; it will also be the main center for population settlement and industrial development in the future. The mountainous areas and the heights, which have surrounded the northern half of Tehran like a wall, and the dry areas in the Southwest cannot compete with the plain in attracting business activities and population. With the expansion of national and regional road networks connecting Tehran to other cities and the settlement of new industries and other activities requiring large and cheap land around Tehran, as well as the transfer of certain businesses to outer areas, the surrounding cities and settlements have rapidly expanded and developed, attracting a large population in recent decades. These settlements todayform a great part of Tehran province. Thus the greatest population density around Tehran is observed in the southern areas and in such cities as Islam Shahr, Pakdasht, Rey, and the areas along Tehran-Karaj highway and the city of Shahreyar. Islamshahr, Ghods and Gharchak, the largest cities of the province after Tehran and Karaj, were originally unofficial settlements that later turned into cities. These cities played two important roles in business activities and population settlement; first, business activities have moved closed the city to its infrastructural facilities and as a result, the population has moved closer to work place to make maximal use of urban services. Second, low income groups have been forced to move from the city to the settlements in order to avoid expensive housing and work places. As a result, high income families have moved to the northern areas with better climate and the low income families have moved to surrounding settlements where they can find cheap land and services for the poor. A study of the residential areas of the low income population in the marginal areas of Tehran in recent decades shows that, unlike in industrial and developed countries, in Tehran it is the low income groups that have moved considerably. They have left the central areas due to the high costs of living and have migrated to the marginal areas where housing is cheap. They have settled in scattered villages and estates, where they are deprived of the minimum urban services and infrastructure. They have increased the costs of urban management for organizing these unofficial settlements and improving living and bioenvironmental conditions. The dramatic increase in the trend of absorption of population in the villages from one side, and the reduction in the number of rural zones around the metropolitans and large cities such as Karaj, Islamshahr, Varamin, Shahryiar, malard, golestan and Ghale-hassankhan(Qods) has a close similarity with the sharp trend of absorption of population of the villages located in the suburb of Tehran and the reduction in the number of rural zones Between 55-1345 and 65-1355.consequently, according to the Aforementioned point, it could be mentioned that the big cities around Tehran and their surroundings are experiencing the trend similar to The one Tehran and its suburbs have experienced in the last four Decades. However, the difference here is that, they are not passing their evolutionary period. Thus, in near future, it does not seem Strange if the metropolitan phenomenon occurs, and the challenges like the ones which exist in Tehran happen in other big cities located Nearby Tehran. In this regard, it is suggested that instead of Developing the borders of the urban space of Tehran as a metropolitan to the other sides of the borders of the provinces of Robatkarim and Shahriar, the functional chains of the associated cities are recognized, and a revision is done in bordering Tehran. Finally, by using the SWOT model in conjunction with the acquired findings through the research, practical strategies for an efficient management of both population and activity of the privacy of Tehran, as a metropolitan have been proposed.}, Keywords = {Population Changes,Activity Prediction,Exclusion zone,Urban management,Tehran metropolis}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {73-85}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-4973-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-4973-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {saghafi, Mohammadjavad and tavassoli, Nahi}, title = {The effect of the ventilated air layer in the new open joint facade on energy performance of the building}, abstract ={Horizontal development of the cities has resulted in much destruction environmentally and economically. The building’s façade acts as a barrier between exterior and interior climatic conditions. There are various methods for improving the energy performance of the building. One of these solutions is the ventilated facades. Open joint ventilated façade (OJVF) is a group of ventilated facades in which the exterior coating material (metallic, ceramic, stone or composite) is arranged in slabs separated by open joints that enable exterior air to enter and leave the cavity all along the wall. This ventilation leads to decreasing moisture and problems of condensation and ensure the health of the wall. In addition to aesthetic and constructive reasons, the main interest in open joint ventilated facades is their ability to reduce cooling thermal loads. This is achieved by the buoyancy effect induced by solar radiation inside the ventilated cavity, where the air can enter or leave freely through the joints. The OJVF is usually classified among the “light weight” or “Advanced Integrated Facades”. They are replacing the conventional facade in many new buildings and particularly in the refurbishment of old ones.In light weight facades, the exterior light coating material is hanged over the interior wall (insulation, perforated brick or concrete, finish) by means of a metallic-frame structure or metallic bindings, leaving an air gap. The air chamber height can be the whole building height. The main difference between the OJVF and other advanced facades is that, as a rule, the ventilated air chamber is only open to the exterior at the top and at the bottom while, in the OJVF, the exterior coating is placed in an arrangement of tiles or slabs and a series of thin gaps (joints) shaped from slab to slab.The improved thermal performance of the OJVF under radiation conditions relies on buoyancy: The slabs of the exterior coating are heated up and produce an ascending mass flow of air (by natural convection) that enters and leaves the cavity through the joints. This flow removes part of the heat loads. This phenomenon takes also place if the openings are only at the bottom and top of the facade, but the efficiency is not as high due to the reduced flow and the higher temperatures attained at the upper section of the air gap.The main question is the effect of the open joints on the thermal performance of the façade in the various times of the year. The main objective of this work is to investigate the thermal and fluid dynamic phenomena taking place in a typical OJVF under solar radiation, and to appoint a methodology to quantify the energy savings produced by an OJVF in contrast to a conventional facade.The determination of the linked thermal and fluid dynamic behaviour of the flow in the open joint air gap is quite a challenge, compared to the sealed cavity or even the top and bottom ventilated facades. The inlet and outlet flow through the joints all along the facade faces the analytical methods, making compulsory the use of CFD tools to obtain a detailed model. To achieve this aim, both of the open joint and the sealed facade have been simulated in the “Fluent” software.Two series of tests have been carried out for both OJVF and sealed cavity facade. The first ones are steady state simulations directed to understand the phenomena involved, and the second ones are quasi-steady (unsteady or transient) state simulations to compare the energy performance of both systems. For the first group, two temperature conditions were selected, representing summer (T_room=24℃, T_ext = 30℃) and winter (T_room=24℃, T_ext = 8℃) weather. The (absorbed) solar radiation ranges from 0 to 800 W/m2. The radiation values above 400 W/m2 are high for summer, but not for winter, because the sun inclination is lower. The second group comprises two sets of simulations with the exterior temperature and the solar radiation varying hourly: one for a typical day of summer and another for a typical day of winter. The data used for simulations is produced by the Energyplus software.Due to the extent of the subject, the study has been developed over a particular set of comparable geometries, and with specific climatic conditions; however, special care has been taken to avoid assumptions limiting its application.The OJVF simulated geometry comprises of four cement board tiles and five joints. Each slab is 70 cm that are separated by joints of 8 mm. The exterior coating layer is separated 0.05 m from the massive wall by the ventilated air cavity. The massive wall is composed of gypsum, a brick layer and exterior insulation with a total thickness of 21 cm. To study the heat transfer problem in the case of a conventional wall, a 3D model with the same dimensions has been created to simulate the convective loop inside the sealed air cavity. The only difference with respect to the OJVF model relies in the exterior coating which is continuous (without joints between slabs).The CFD model developed to simulate a typical OJVF has enabled a better understanding of the ventilation effect induced by the solar radiation in the air gap of the facade. Velocity profiles, together with temperature and heat flux distributions have been compared with those obtained in a conventional sealed cavity facade.Velocity profiles show that the air flow in the OJVF is ascending in the whole width and does not form a convective loop as in the sealed cavity facade. Moreover, the profiles show much higher velocity values in the case of OJVF. These two characteristics favour the heat removal from the cavity walls, which is one of the most claimed advantages of OJVF under radiation conditions. The air temperature in the cavity remains lower than in the conventional wall, and the heat transferred to the room is therefore lower.The model has been also used to compare the thermal performance of both facades for the specific climatic conditions of Tehran and Yazd. The results of the simulations conclude that open-joint ventilated façade _in Tehran and Yazd city which are selected with respect to their solar radiation- can help to achieve substantial energy saving. Therefore using the OJVF in the south facade of the building in the aforementioned climates, considering their simple technology, is more suitable than conventional sealed facades.The comparison of the energy performance of the specific OJVF and conventional façade analysed in this article shows that the open joint façade results in %20.5 energy saving for Tehran and %12 for Yazd through the south facadeAt this point, it is not possible to give a definite criterion, because it is still necessary to evaluate the overall year performance of the specific OJVF geometry for each climate conditions, taking into account building costs and the price of the energy used for heating and cooling. Nevertheless, the data found in this study show that the OJVF could be a more energy efficient system than the conventional sealed facade, and help to reduce the cooling needs, mainly for south orientations in places with hot summers and mild winters.}, Keywords = {Ventilated facades,Lightweight facade,Ventilation,new facades,Computional modelling}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {5-14}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-7429-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-7429-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Taghvaea, Aliakbar and zabetiantoroghi, elham and asgarizadeh, zahr}, title = {The use of new technologies in redevelopment brownfield}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Innovative technologies,redevelopment,bare land,brownfield}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {15-25}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-1825-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-1825-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {AhmadnejadKarimi, Majid and Asefi, Maziar and haghparast, Farzi}, title = {Propose of movement pattern for curved retractable roofs with using of movable bars}, abstract ={Horizontal development of the cities has resulted in much destruction environmentally and economically. Two of the major consequences of such destruction is imbalanced development and inappropriate application of lands in the cities that are referred brownfield in this article. Brownfield in the urban planning jargon, a brownfield site (or simply a brownfield), is a type of land formerly used for industrial purposes or some commercial applications. The brownfield concept was first introduced by the British government and was used in accordance with the sustainable development policies which is mostly focused on the environmentally polluted lands. In the last two decades, redevelopment policies of brownfield as a crucial practical solution for preventing disperse growth of cities and also supporting the concentrated growth of cities have been attracted more attention. The main features of the brownfields are: -1 Pollution: each land in which an environmental complication has the occurrence probability. -2 Empty and leaved without using and in general lands and properties that their activities have been closed or not been used anymore. Of course, some of the terms that must be separated from the brownfield areas are: greenfields and grayfields.Greenfields are those lands that previously has not been developed and often are rural or suburban. These green sites are located in the edge of small or large cities and have better accessibility and more palatability with additional space for future development.The term grayfield, was defined in 1998 by new urbanism congress. Unlike the famous terms of greenfields (the rural undeveloped) and brownfields (polluted urban sites), the gray lands are called to the large undeveloped sites that have good reasons for redevelopment. The term of grayfield can be used to describe any kind of redevelopment that significantly is not polluted. But regarding the importance of environmental protection and sustainable development and realization their policies, it is essential to eliminate or reduce the environmental pollutions purposefully to achieve the redevelopment of brownfields.For the sake of importance and novelty of the subject, redevelopment of Brownfield with the objective of efficient applications of lands in cities and reducing the environmental pollution and also improving the social-economical context of these fields is the subject of this article. Brownfield of Kan stream in Tehran was selected as the case study. The field was selected as it is one of the few major barren Brownfield in Tehran. They are not only in the leaved brownfields but also regarding the river-valley nature, the fields has specific ecological and tourism features. Unfortunately, due to lack of planning and management, these brownfields have been converted to the locations of rubbish depot and uncontrolled polluted waters and therefore infected with the environmental pollution. The methodology of this article is descriptiveanalytical using library studies. After studying the theoretical framework, defining features of brownfield, literature review, objectives and the importance and of these fields, the redevelopment process of Kan stream Brownfield are presented. Finally, the conclusion and analysis of the actions are conducted in redevelopment of brownfield with social, economical and tourism approach.After comprehensive studies, in order to determine the kind of landuses in Kan brownfields, establishing a national and even an international performance scale park is designated as the planning vision. In this context, the objectives of the redevelopment planning process Kan brownfield included:creating a touristic space to enhance the region›s tourism identity, planning with emphasis on providing recreational services for all social classes, such as children, elderly people and women and people with disabilities (all divisions with regard to sex, age and physical aspects), strengthening of the relationship between people and nature and to replacing normal social activities and improvement environmental conditions; Developing ecotourism in urban environment regarding and it s benefits beyond natural landscapes, enhancing green space for per capita in Tehran city and attainment to the standard limits forenvironment qualities by using marginal lands and rivers sanctums.steel plates. In addition these bars are pre- tensioned by means of cable passing through them in order to behave properly to the applied forces.The way that the bars are moved through the retraction process and the function of the building effects on the selection of the covering materials. In this structure, as the distance between the bars is changed during the deployment process it is required to use a flexible but strong material that can resist repeated retraction. Therefore, a flexible membrane that is strong enough during movement and has a proper foldability such as ETFE is one of the best alternatives for covering the roof. ETFE is also able to penetrate enough light inside of the building when the roof is in fully closed position and this in turn reduce the energy required for running the building.The membrane is also attached to the bars though the slots that have already been created during fabrication and is fasted by means of pinned curve plate. This is also worth to mention that in this structure, the placement of the moveable components underneath the covering material support the whole structure even in severe weather conditions. Therefore, this increase the life cycle of the system and decrease the maintenance cost.In summary, this paper proposes a new solution for a retractable curved roof system that can not only be transformed from an open to closed configuration but is also able to support itself structurally even during movement and transformation. In other word, the structural and transformable components are integrated and are able to make the whole structure stable during transformation.}, Keywords = {Retractable roof,Mechanical mechanism,movable bars,Structural Skeleton}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {27-37}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-6191-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-6191-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Noorifard, Azadeh and Mehdizadehsaradj, Fatemeh and Vafamehr, Mohse}, title = {Conceptual assessment of seismic performance of nonstructural walls in conventional medium rise buildings according to the experiences of past earthquakes}, abstract ={Nowadays most of structural engineers consider masonry infill walls as non-structural elements and only their mass is calculated during structural analysis, on the other hand, architects determine the specifications of walls without considering any of their seismic performance. In other words, during the seismic design of conventional medium rise buildings, most focuses are on structural elements and seismic performance of walls is rarely considered. While masonry infill walls are non-structural elements have the most potential to facilitate the entire collapse of buildings and damage them even in mild or moderate earthquakes. Experiences of past earthquakes show infill walls may have positive or negative effects on building›s seismic response. In recent earthquakes, numerous buildings designed by engineers were severely damaged oreven collapsed as a result of anomalies in the basic structural system induced by non-structural masonry partitions. Whereas there were weak structures without any lateral force resistant elements constructed by non-specialist people which remained stable as a result of the contribution of masonry infill walls. Therefore the research process has been defined in a way to answer the followings three main questions:1. Which faults in design and construction will cause damage to walls in earthquakes?2. How can non-structural walls lead to the collapse of seismic resistant buildings in earthquakes?3. What are the effects of non-structural walls in seismic resistance of buildings?Since there are various definitions of walls, it should be noted that this study included non-structural walls such as infill walls and partitions and excluded shear walls and load bearing walls. The main purpose of this paper is to identify weaknesses of walls and also investigate the positive and negative effects of infill walls on seismic performance of buildings in a conceptual approach for architects. Numerous studies have been carried out about the effects of infill walls on structural behavior in earthquakes by researchers from structure and earthquakes engineering with an intensive approach, but there are a few researches with a comprehensive conceptual approach considering all efficient factors on the seismic performance of walls with perceptible approach to be employed by architects. So this paper is trying to study the damage of walls in past earthquakes and evaluate their positive and negative effects on seismic performance of buildings in three main levels to determine main causes of damage. The results can be used as awareness for architects about the consequences of their decisions in design process. Considering required measures in the design phase and providing more favorable context for the seismic performance of buildings can result in the better performance of structures.The main approach of this research is analytical and the applied method is experimental. In fact, the observed damage in past earthquakes is similar to a performed experiment in laboratory with a real scale. In this method there is no limitation in terms of scale, material properties and quality of construction in comparison with computer modeling or laboratory methods. According to the extensive approach of this paper, this method can be very helpful in understanding all efficient factors in seismic performance of walls. The main source of data in this paper is based on the damage of buildings in 1990 Manjil-Rudbar, Iran, 2002 Changureh (Avaj), Iran, 2003 Bam, Iran, 1968 Tokachi-oki, Japan, 1985 Mexico City, 1925 SantaBarbara, California, 1971 San Fernando, California, 1994 Northridge, California, 1995 Kobe, Japan, 1998 Adana-Ceyhan, Turkey, 1999 Kocaeli (Izmit), Turkey, 2001 Arequipa, Peru, 2002 Molise, Italy, 2007 Sumatra, Indonesia, 2008 Wenchuan, Chian, 2009 Abruzzo, Italy, 2011 Tohoku, Japan, 2011 Van, Turkey, 2011 Lyttelton, New Zealand earthquakes.Based on the experiences of past earthquakes, the seismic behavior of walls can be presented in a unique graph by three levels and analyzing each of them in both positive and negative aspects. In the first level of poor performance, only wall is damaged, which is known as in-plane failure that can happen for both separate and infill walls. The weak components and connections, configuration and the size of openingsare the two main efficient factors for the occurrence of this kind of failures. In the second level, wall is damaged and there would be possibility of damage to other non-structural elements and humans› injury too. These kinds of failure are known as out-of-plane failure and can be occurred in separate and infill walls.The three factors of weak components and connections, non-proper aspect ratio and weak connections to structural elements are effective on this level of damage. In the third level, infill walls cause damage to the structure of buildings. In this level, wall failure especially in-plane failures may occur first and then followed by structural failure. In other cases wall could remain stable but due to its form, material, connection and position causes the structural damage. Following the structural damage, the damage to non-structural elements such as walls and also human causalities are expected.There could be imagined, three levels for satisfactory wall performance. In the first level, walls remain stable against in-plane forces. In the second level, walls also remain stable against out-of-plane forces and do not cause damage to other elements. In the third level, walls which remain stable in both two previous levels and have appropriate material, adequate connections between components, proper aspect ratio, durable connections to the structure, proper position of the openings and their arrangement in plan and elevations are desirable, can help in strengthening non-seismic resistant buildings or can provide extra potential for seismic resistant buildings.As a final conclusion it is necessary to notice the characteristics of walls in order to achieve an ultimate seismic resistant building, besides the seismic design of structural system. A little care to the seismic performance of walls in various stages of architectural and structural design can prevent the adverse effects of walls during earthquakes and exploit their favorable performance. By this method, structural costs can be reduced and also can provide extra potential for seismic resistant of buildings with low quality construction without any increase in cost.}, Keywords = {Non-structural Walls,Damage,Experiences of Past Earthquakes,Seismic Performance}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {38-50}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-2619-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-2619-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Ghanbaran, Abdolhamid and Hosseinpour, Mohammad Ami}, title = {Assessment of design parameter influence on energy efficiency in educational buildings in Tehran’s climate}, abstract ={Energy efficiency and comfort consideration in building, contribute to significant energy saving and improvement of spatial quality. According to the importance of energy issues and lack of researches on energy use in educational buildings, climatic variation in the country and huge amount of energy consumption in educational buildings, the need of redefinition environmental design criteria is essential.The main purpose of this article is to assess the influence of different design variables on comfort condition and energy consumption in the hot-Arid climate of Tehran. Most of the literature concerned with energy performance of school buildings is focused on using saving methods such as utilization of solar energy, constructional issues such as thermal insulation, infiltration, thermal mass, building materials, sun shadings and HVAC performance while assuring thermal comfort and indoor air quality of the building. However, the topic of energy performance and comfort condition of schools located in Iran’s climatic conditions has not been explored.Nowadays, the subject of energy and optimizing energy consumption in different buildings and different societies is of great importance. On the other hand, energy experts claim that in designing educational buildings, natural energy resources should be used most. This subject is related to the energy consumption of schools. Furthermore, the positive effect of thermal and visual comfort on the quality of students’ education has been confirmed. Educational buildings generally are spaces with different functions.However, classrooms not only have a central role, but also cover a great part of the school surface. Classrooms are the most fundamental and important units of the educational buildings in terms of energy consumption and thermal comfort. Students spend most of their time in the classrooms. Classrooms are more important, given the relative congestion in comparison with other educational spaces. Due to this fact, proper ventilation is considered necessary. Furthermore, students’ presence as latent thermal energy sources needs special attention in hot seasons. On the other hand, the same thermal sources can play an effective role in creating the comfortable conditions. Therefore, according to the difference of using pattern of these places and their higher internal heat gain, energy saving patterns in designing office and residential buildings cannot meet the needs of designing these buildings.MethodologyThis research using simulation method is looking forward to realize the influence of different physical variables on energy consumption in educational buildings in Tehran’s climate; the different circumstances that were resumed by diverse variables were assayed. this process took place with the help of E quest energy simulating software and during this process in two separate parts, the independent effect of each variable and the simultaneous influence of applying diverse variables on energy consumption were simulated and its results were compared and discussed in various steps.to enumerate the most essential effective parameters in determining the amount of energy consumption in educational building in Tehran’s climate, we can point out the infiltration rate, heat isolating of the building roof and windows dimension.To understand the range of influence of each variable on the comfort condition and energy consumption in the classroom, the difference between the maximum and minimum energy consumption obtained for each of the evaluated variables was considered. This difference represents the potential savings that can be achieved by improving a variable within the considered range of values. In this work, the four main orientations were analyzed.to observer the influence of design parameters on energy consumption, a base case classroom was designed and then the absolute and simultaneous effects of different parameters were assessed. The base-case was a common classroom to where all changes were applied and examined. Based on the similar studies, the recommended value for each design variable was determined to achieve a highperformance classroom. The fixed parameters of the classroom were its size and height. The thermostat of the heating system was set at 21.1 C while the thermostat of the cooling system was set at 24 C, due to the dissimilarity in the children’s clothing in different seasons. The ventilation system provides a minimum of 4.5 air changes-per-hour (ach) when the classroom is occupied. When there were no children in theclassroom, the ventilation rate will reduce to save energy and the lighting level on the children’s tables was set at a minimum of 300 lux.ResultsThe results indicate that by reducing the infiltration rate of the classroom from 4.5 ACH to 0.75 ACH, an energy saving of about 65 KWH/m2.y will achieved. The airtightness of a classroom depends on windows and doors type, quality, and materials as well as on the quality of the construction process. For obtaining infiltration rate of about 0.75 ACH, designers and contractors should give more attention to the quality control of materials and construction and energy performance of the windows and the doors. Meanwhile according to the high amount of sun radiation during the year, roof heat insulation with a 6cm polyurethane layer would reduce the energy consumption by 40 KWH / m2.y in comparison with a roof without any heat insulation. Since the windows have a significant influence on the energy consumption and performance of the classroom, In order to reduce the energy consumption, dimensions and position of the windows should be choose very carefully. It was observed that the recommended size of north and south facing windows is equal to %12 of the classrooms floor area, whilst east and west facing windows should not be exceeds from %10 of the classroom area. If the windows size exceed from %12 of floor area, the glare effect would make visual discomfort for the students. In the simulation process, three types of light control features were evaluated. The results show that with the aid of smart lighting control system, the required electrical energy for lighting would reduce 34 KWH / m2.y. And finally the types of glazing have an important role in energy consumption of the classroom. It is observed that high performance was achieved when using lowemissivityglazing to reduce cooling loads and encourage daylight in classroom. Double glazed windows shows acceptable performance as well, in all directions compared to other alternatives.Discussion and ConclusionAfter analyzing the absolute effect of each parameters on energy consumption and comfort condition in the classroom, the cumulative effect of all parameters were analyzed. It is obvious that by changing of each parameter, the effect of other parameters will be changed. In this case two combination of design variables are assessed in “set-a” and “set-b” in which the annual energy consumption of the classroom is maximum in “set- a” and minimum in “set-b”. Based on the results obtained by simulation, this can be claimed that the proper design of classrooms in hot and arid climate, like the city of Tehran can reduce the amount of energy required for cooling, heating, ventilating and lighting systems from 232 KWH/ m2.y in “set-a” to 104 KWH/ m2.y in “set- b”. It means a %55 reduction in the classroom’s energy consumption. This statics are in conformity with the results achieved by researches in European’s green school which can reduce %55 up to %75 of heating energy consumption and 30 % up to 40 % of electrical energy consumption by using different tricks.}, Keywords = {Educational Buildings,Energy efficiency,Thermal and visual comfort,Simulation}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {51-62}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-2728-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-2728-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Noroozian, Narges}, title = {Localization pattern for assessment of energy efficiency in buildings in Tehran}, abstract ={The energy crisis of the twentieth century, numerous crises in the developing countries of the importance and necessity of contemporary architecture in particular. Industry construction industry as one of the important and influential countries, more than ever, it has become important. The changes in the construction industry, increasing energy consumption have followed. In other words, the construction industry is one of the most important and most active in numerous industries that energy efficiency is of utmost importance. The aim of this study was to assess the design and development of indigenous energy efficiency in buildings in the city of Tehran. In other words, the operational objective of this study was to evaluate and measure the energy efficiency in buildings in Tehran and practical to develop a model to measure energy efficiency inbuildings in the city of Tehran. To perform the analysis, the quality measurement values using techniques of comparative research method is descriptive - analytical approach used logical reasoning. Finally, the review and evaluation of energy efficiency, suggestions and recommendations for improving energy efficiency evaluation method is proposed with a native look.}, Keywords = {Energy efficiency,energy efficiency evaluation method,Architectural design,in Tehran,a native look,office buildings}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {63-74}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-12206-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-12206-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Moulaii, Mohammadmehdi and Shahhoseini, Gelareh and Dabaghchi, Samaneh}, title = {Explaining and analyzing how to make smart cities in the context of the influencing components and key factors}, abstract ={Over the centuries, cities have always employed human societies to achieve their goals; to be more precise, they are part of the infrastructure and tools that are made by human to deal with nature threats and of life management within communities. Of course, it should be considered that cities, as opposed to tools and machines that formed based on the presiced design, are the means which their emergence are not based on detailed planning and a lot of their features simply and arbitrarily have manifested.The increasing growth of technologies are as emerging phenomenon in cities that follow a future of uncertainty in societies. Political, economic and social factors that are shaping urban applications will be beyond the grasp and control, and will be associated with a set of unknowns and the uncertainties. So the planning and management of cities in its current form, can not respond to this complexity. Integrated management of this uncertainty, requires planning to make smart cities and communities and configuration of these cities should be based on the creation of environments aimed at improving cognitive skills and learning abilities and innovation. This necessitates the creation of digital, physical and organizational spaces that are organized via innovation and creativity through a combination of individual cognitive skills and information systems.Smart cities are emerging around the world, but still deep differences can be seen with amazing smart environments that open minds and transmit skills and the abilities from the base. Integrated studies in this area can be somewhat overcome the raised shortcomings.Therefore, this article seeks to explore various aspects of urban intelligence and key components of smart city based on an integrated conceptual model. Method of this research is descriptive and based on gathering documents related to this field. In the first step smart city and its related concepts are presented, in the next step, key factors of smart city based on summing up the views of experts in the field are revealed; catagorized in the framwork of basic smart city factors and componenets (public, institutional factors and infrastructure). Three important factors (intelligence, integrity and innovation) considered as essential requirements for the creation of smart communities that the combination of these factors and preconditions depicted in the form of a model. Ultimately in the final stage of research, how to smart cities explained based on the dimensions and components of the considered model.One hundred years ago, only about one out of every seven people lived in the city. Today, half of the population live in cities and the percentage of that is growing steadily each year. Because more people migrate to the big cities, town’s credit, technology, trade, formation of governments, resource consumption, quality of life, and many other things considerably grows.Personal talent or professional opportunities of people, creativity, economic exploitation and accumulation of large numbers of people can have a positive impact on society. Of course, the big urban communities are always big risks for Earth in the form of overcrowding, excessive carbon emissions and waste and high levels of non-renewable energy consumption, so cities - municipal governments, along with businesses and city dwellers that launch the economic growth have a major responsibility for the effective monitoring of people and the environment.The need to manage resources in terms of sustainability associated with a more important purpose: to create an attractive social and economic environment in which citizens, companies and governments can work and live interactively. In fact, The Cities compete more for their citizens and investments than the merchants for their customers.The issue that is subsequently increased its importance; the overall attractiveness of a particular city, is the experience that the city provide to its citizens and businesses and it becomes manifested in a wide rangeof important features: Value and sustainability of the city government, the economy and employment opportunities, its schools, the quality of the physical environments, culture and artistic resources, higher educational institutions and other educational opportunities for adults, housing, security, social participation, freedom and its variations.Smart cities and towns have been created via the connection of innovation and digital cities and with the aim of promoting knowledge and innovation. This connection is based on two objective criteria: (1) innovation and digital cities are both community-based processes, and (2) innovation and digital cities are both knowledge-based processes. «Connection» is on the basis of shared knowledge networks and online provision of knowledge and innovation processes. Intelligent Community Indicators depict a global framework for understanding the different communities and regions that can create a competitiveadvantage in today›s economy. Indicators show that an intelligent city has a more life span than a traditional form:•Significant deployment of broadband communications and government facilities; government that has a role of catalyst via provision of regulations and incentives•Education; training and workforce development to create a workforce, capable of implementing knowledge effectively.•Government programs and private sectors that promote digital democracy, benefit from all sectors of society, including the expansion of citizen participation in government and their decision-making.•Innovation in the public and private sectors, including e-government initiatives and efforts to create economic and business development to finance new job opportunities; Effective marketing as a lever for economic development, attract workforce and other community assets to new employers.•Smart cities, lifeless spaces, complex structures, physical infrastructures, and electronics applicable programs are not digital, In contrast, they are such living communities that use from skills of individuals and institutions for collective learning and innovation, and use from physical and digital infrastructure to communicate and online collaboration.This research is based on descriptive approaches, for which our goals were to collect data on surviving geometrical patterns and classify them on the basis of time scale and regionalism. Such approaches provide dialectic answers to a wide range of philosophical and architectural questions, such as when or where a particular pattern was extensively used. Smart City, due to the outstanding characteristics of sustainability and attraction, is divided from other cities. Environmental projects are flowed with more than a moral obligation. Sustainability is important for its positive Social consequences and the main factor is creation of habitable environment by the health and welfare of citizens and their businesses. Today, there is no smart city. However, one of the most common ways to get started is creation of a starting point that is based on the geographic, political, economic of the city, then, that city can determine different states based on the costs and effects of different projects and their anticipated transactions, and begin to design various forms of technology, strategy, processes, training, supervision and management of a developed program.With regard to the impact of the cities on the health of the planet, the agenda of smart city, regardless of where they live, is important for all citizens. If cities are focused on affordable measures to embed intelligence in their services, they have to carry out fundamental right activities, Open and intelligent architecture that is enabled of delivering smart services now and in the future due to the growing needs of a city.}, Keywords = {Smart City,institutional and infrastructural factors,urban intelligence,integrity and innovation}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {75-93}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-3435-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-3435-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Safavi, Seyed Ali and LotfipourSiahkalroudi, Mortez}, title = {Study about Water Sensitive Urban Design Mechanisms; with an Emphasis on Technologies for the Sustainable Management of Stormwater}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {water sensitive urban design,stormwater,Retention and infiltration,space amenity,urban landscape}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-7807-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-7807-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Nasrollahi, Nazanin and AkramiAbarghuie, Fatemeh}, title = {Thermal Performance of Earth-Sheltered Residential Buildings: a Case Study of Yazd}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Earth-Sheltered,energy consumption,Thermal Comfort,temperature modification,Underground depth}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-5719-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-5719-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Karia, Behrouz Mohammad and Heidari, Shahin and Abravesh, Mahdieh}, title = {Thermal Performance Evaluation of Low-E Coated Building Glazing Systems}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Double Glazing,Coating,Low- emissivity-coatings,energy consumption}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-3463-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-3463-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Shahbazi, Yaser and Masoudi, Ehsan and Vafa-Mehr, Mohse}, title = {Parameterization of Geometric Patterns of Islamic-Iranian Space Structure Domes; Case Study: Shabdari Arc}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Islamic-Iranian Geometric motifs,Parametric Architecture,Slow Shabdari Arch,Dome Space Structures}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-25}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-1390-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-1390-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Haghshenas, Mohammad and Bemanian, MohammadReza and Ghiabaklou, Zahr}, title = {Investigating the Effect of Changing the Transmitted Light’s Color on Thermal and Visual Comfort}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Thermal Comfort,Visual Comfort,Cool and Warm Color,Stained Glass,Fanger Model}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-802-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-802-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Mohammad-Moradia, Asghar and Khan-Mohammadi, Mohammad Ali and Pour-Ahmadi, Mojtab}, title = {Challenges of Using Building Regulations in Architecture from the Perspective of Design Research}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {building regulations,Architectural design,design research}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-88}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-393-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-393-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Kamelnia, Hame}, title = {Challenges to Design GREEN High-Rise Building in Iran Assessing and analyzing usage of green building technology (case study: Residential Green Towers, Iran)}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Green Architecture,Renewal Energy,High-rise Building,Technolog,IRA}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {15-25}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-9222-en.html}, eprint = {http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-9222-en.pdf}, journal = {Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning}, issn = {2322-4991}, eissn = {2538-2594}, year = {2017} }