ORIGINAL_ARTICLE نقش آموزش متوسطه در ارتقاء مهارت های زیبایی شناختی دانشجویان معماری نمونه های مورد بررسی: آموزش های گسسته در شاخه نظری و آموزش های پیوسته در هنرستان ها ارتقاء مهارت های زیبایی شناسانه و افزایش درک هنری از موضوعات مهم و راهبردی در معماری محسوب می شود. استادان و مراکز آموزش معماری روش های متنوعی را با هدف آموزش مهارت های نامبرده به کار می گیرند که هریک تا اندازه ای در این مسیر موفق عمل بوده اند. اما آنچه که در این میان کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است، نقش راهبردی و زیربنایی آموزش و پرورش کشور به ویژه در دوره متوسطه، در زمینه افزایش مهارت های لازم برای این شاخه از هنر است. تدوین برنامه و چهارچوبی هدفمند برای افزایش شناخت و توانمندی های لازم در زمینه معماری، قدمی است راهبردی که می تواند در شکل گیری تجربه های زیبای یشناسی، شکل گیری ذهنی معمارانه و ارتقاء مهارت ها به ویژه در سال های مهم اولیه یادگیری مؤثر واقع شود. از این رو، نوشتار حاضر، به مطالعه شیوه های آموزش هنر پرداخته و بیان می کند که آیا آموزش متوسطه و دروسی که در آن ارائه می شود، می تواند در ارتقاء مهارت های زیبای یشناسانه مؤثر باشد یا خیر؟ در حالی که رویکردی کاملاً کیفی به موضوع دارد. http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-1-4592-fa.pdf 2012-03-18 5 20 آموزش متوسطه دانشجویان معماری مهارت های زیبایی شناختی The Role of High School Education in Promoting Aesthetic Skills of Architecture Students (Case Study: Discontinuous Trainings of Theoretical Branch in High Schools and Practical Continuous Trainings in Technical Schools) The promotion of aesthetical skills and artistic perception improvement are considered as significant and strategic issues for architecture to deal with. However, a vast range of influential methods are employed by architecture advisors, professors and academies for developing architectural accomplishments; meanwhile, the significant role of secondary school trainings in promoting such conceptions are definitely underestimated. Hence, Ministry of Education plays an increasingly important role for preparing the schedules in the field of aesthetic skills and basic learning. Undoubtedly, the proposed framework will provide newly training artists with cultivated experiences and creative minds due to initially fundamental trainings. Accordingly, this paper intends to study the discontinuous learning methods in high schools and practical continuous training ways in technical schools of Iran. Meanwhile it compares them with each other, and discusses whether high school trainings are effective in improvement of aesthetic skills and abilities of architecture students.The research methodology is logical argumentation and used techniques are comparative methods, meanwhile the paper tends to employ a qualitative approach. Ultimately, the result shows that continuous trainings in technical schools are superior due to practical educating, although definite conclusion requires further investigations. Moreover, the paper makes a suggestion to the authorities to pay more heed to the targeted and continuous architectural educations in high schools. http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-1-4592-en.pdf 2012-03-18 5 20 High School Education Architecture Student Aesthetic Skills Majid Ghadami 1 Assistant Prof., Research Institute for Education, Ministry of Education of I.R.IRAN AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE فرایند طراحی زمینه گرا تجربه معماری 89 - 1388 توجه به بستر معماری و داده های طرح از ابزار مولد اولیه معماران در فرایند طراحی هستند و رویکرد اصلی طراحی را تعریف می کنند؛ این رویکرد، به تجلی گسترده گزینه های طراحی منجر شده است و در نهایت ارزیابی موفق تر از راه حل ها و طراحی های کامل تری را به دنبال دارد. در حال حاضر، بی توجهی به بستر در بسیاری از طراحی ها در آموزش معماری در دانشگاه های امروز رایج است. این مقاله به مطالعه تأثیر توجه به بستر و زمینه طرح در طرح های معماری پرداخته است، به این ترتیب که تحقیق های دانشجویی چهار طرح معماری- معماری ۲ الی ۵- در دو نیمسال تحصیلی 1388  1389 در دانشگاه سوره مطالعه شده اند؛ با استخراج معیارهایی از اصول طراحی معماری در جامعه آماری شاهد و آزمون، آزمایش شده است. وجه تمایز دو گروه طراحی در مدلی ساخته شده از بستر طرح بود که در اختیار گروه آزمون به منظور مطابقت طرح با زمینه قرار گرفت و در نهایت ارزشیابی طرح های دو گروه بر اساس میانگین نمراتی بود که آنان طی ۹ آزمون -که ۹ معیار طراحی بودند- کسب کردند. ارزشیابی نهایی طراحی های دو گروه نشان داد که جامعه آزمون با توجه به میانگین بالاتر نمراتشان، طرح های موفق تری را در هر چهار موضوع طراحی نسبت به گروه شاهد ارائه کردند. http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-1-1837-fa.pdf 2012-03-18 21 34 آموزش معماری طراحی زمینه مبنا بستر طراحی زمینه متن مولدهای طراحی دانشگاه سوره Architecture in context- Inspiration of contextualism in designs Contextualism refers to an approach to urban planning, which considers the city in its totality. It also emphasizes on the role of social, cultural, geographical and historical influences on individual development, because of the increasing interest in understanding environment in post-modernist architecture. It is also the degree to which new architecture is sensitive to its site and location. It farther varies from building to building and place to place. Moreover, architecture in context is neither a brief attention nor a radical innovation; rather it is a strong and expressive visual relationship to the surroundings. Individual building is always seen first as a part of the whole. Creating places and spaces that enrich the lives of the people who use them is the foundation of architect’s work. Every building can and should engage in a dialogue with the history, beliefs and needs of a particular place and time. In fact, current architecture in metropolitans of Iran including Tehran has an attitude based on ignoring the environment and the context of projects, including climate, history, geography, culture, etc. This attitude leads contemporary architecture to a sort of chaos and disorder. It also brings about contemporary architecture to lose its distinctiveness, besides increasing tendency and willingness of young generation of architects to imitate foreign works and projects without any attempt to adjust them to the context and environment of local projects. It means that this attitude can face contemporary architecture with a serious danger and threat, which enjoys no identity and character. The aim of this paper is to elaborate how correct and effective designing approaches in contextual architectural design can be obtained in architectural studios in order to provide designing with a dialogue to their context and environment, to have more successful designing, and also to illustrate a clear vision for contemporary architecture. Design studios in Iran, where architectural design lessons are being taught, are the main and fundamental part of architectural education. Considering that most of undergraduate students in Iranian architectural departments are ignoring the context without paying attention to its influences in their designing, we are going to figure out how context can be reflected and used in architectural designs in this paper. For this purpose, architectural designs in 4 different studios including Educational space, Cinema, Hospital, and Residential Space in Sooreh University in two semesters during a year (2009-2010); were evaluated among 20 groups, which were divided into two controlled and uncontrolled units. The evaluation was based on 9 examinations, which the authors had already extracted from the architectural designing principles. It is worth mentioning that the only difference between those two units (controlled and uncontrolled) was the constructed site model that the controlled units could adjust and adapt their designing to. Final evaluation, which was the average score of each designing group in each examination, showed that controlled unit’s designing gathered higher score; consequently, their approach in designing was more successful and effective. It means that contextualized approaches in studios can improve architectural designing and result with architecture in context. In addition, professors at architectural departments should pay more attention to the context and environment and their role in designing process. They further should integrate their teaching with contextualism. To this end, they may utilize many innovative solutions including a model of the project site. http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-1-1837-en.pdf 2012-03-18 21 34 Architectural designing training Contextualism context environment Designing patterns Sooreh University Mohamamadjavad mahdavinejad 1 Assistant Prof.,Dep. of Architecture, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University AUTHOR Mohammadreza Bemanian 2 Associate professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University AUTHOR Masoomeh Molaee 3 M.A in Architecture, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE روند توسعه فناوری اقلیمی با رویکرد توسعه پایدار استفاده از منابع طبیعی با هدف تأمین نیازهای کنونی بشر و همچنین نسل های آینده، مسئله ای است که معماران را به توجه و رعایت اصول معماری و توسعه پایدار سوق می دهد. در این پژوهش به بررسی توسعه فناوری اقلیمی و انرژی های طبیعی در معماری سنتی ایران و معماری معاصر پرداخته شده است. بدین منظور در ابتدا به ضرورت توجه به معماری اقلیمی و اصول طراحی اقلیمی در معماری سنتی ایران اشاره خواهد شد. در قسمت دوم مقاله به شناسایی و استفاده از فناوری های جدید و هوشمند به منظور نیل به تحقق توسعه پایدار می پردازیم. با گذر زمان و گسترش روز افزون دانش بشری، همراه با رعایت اصول طراحی اقلیمی، توجه به توسعه پایدار، فناوری های هوشمند و جدید ضروری است تا به موازات هر دو بتوان طرح هایی کاملاً منطبق با توسعه پایدار داشته در این باره با توجه به تحول فناوری نانو در صنعت، به فناوری های هوشمند نانویی و استفاده از انرژی های تجدیدپذیر پرداخته خواهد شد. هدف اصلی این مقاله تأکید بر طراحی معماری همساز با اقلیم و استفاده از فناوری های جدید است. معماری همساز با اقلیم همان اصولی است که در معماری سنتی داشته ایم. در آن زمان، مصالح اصلی خشت، گل و آجر بوده؛ حال با توسعه و گسترش روزافزون مصالح و فناوری های ساخت، چگونه می توانیم معماری همساز با توسعه پایدار داشته باشیم؟ http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-1-8373-fa.pdf 2012-03-18 35 52 طراحی اقلیمی توسعه و معماری پایدار انرژی تجدیدپذیر فناور یهای هوشمند نانوفناوری Improving of Climatic Technology According to Sustainable Development The adjective "sustainable” is used for worldwide explanation where both human and nature can live up to their present needs, sustain the rights of future generations and protect the environment without the existence of destructive effects. Use of natural resources accordingly to provide today’s human needs and not to become dangerous for  future’s human needs is the issue that leads architects to follow the principles of sustainable development. In this investigation, improving of climatic technology and use of climatic condition and natural resources in traditional architecture of Iran and contemporary architecture will be studied. It is often forgotten and even ignored that architectural traditions are rich in content, given that they have found the right harmony between the necessities of living, the environment, material resources and ideas on the use of space. Using these criteria, contemporary architecture could take a direction where cultural continuity and adaptability not only take pride place but also provide guidelines for climate-adapted and sustainable architecture. However, during the last decades, the impact of socio-economic and cultural changes on traditional environments has become obvious. Contemporary design is increasingly depending on the mechanically controlled environments in order to maintain comfort, hence, increasing energy consumption. For achieving this goal, first, the importance of climatic traditional architecture of Iran and its principles of designing will be noticed. In other words, we will find how climatic architecture can influence sustainable development by using renewable energy resources like wind and solar energy and climatic condition. In this part, the paper focuses on the role of climatic responsive design, building situation in a site and angle of sunlight, building form, building roof, interior thermal comfort and natural air ventilation. In the second part, we will study the role of new and smart technologies in achieving sustainable development goals. As we know, time is passing and human knowledge develops every day, so it is necessary to pay attention to new and smart technologies behind the climatic responsive design until we can design buildings in respect of human comfort that are conformable with sustainable development as well. So, according to revolution have been existed by nanotechnology. It is noticed to Nano smart Technology and using of renewable energies. Undoubtedly, nanotechnology can provide many opportunities for architects and engineers for enhancing the construction material and decreasing their weak points and increasing their advantages. Buildings have the main role in balancing energy consumption. Solar energy, which is known as Photovoltaic energy can provide energy without using fossil fuels. Due to the importance of photovoltaic energy for improving of the efficiency and flexibility of solar cells, they have been widely studied. In this case, Nano- technology has made some progress in providing energy from wind and sun in micro scale. The main goal of this article is to study on climate design and usage of new technologies. Climate design refers to the principles that we follow in traditional architecture, where the materials are clay and brick. However, now that the material and construction technology have been improved; the question is how we can have a conformable architecture with sustainable development? http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-1-8373-en.pdf 2012-03-18 35 52 Climate responsive design Sustainable architecture & development Renewable energies Smart technology Nano – technology Mohammadmehdi Mahmoudi 1 Assistant Prof., Dep. of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran AUTHOR Sahar Nivi 2 M.A in Architecture, Instructor of Dep. of Architecture, Islamic Azad University AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE ساختار فضایی معماری مهرابه های اروپا آیین مهرپرستی را می توان کهن ترین دین ایرانیان دانست که حوزه نفوذ آن علاوه بر بخش های وسیعی از ایران بزرگ، بخش هایی از اروپا را نیز در قرن های نخست میلادی در برگرفت چنان که سهم به سزایی در شکل گیری برخی از آداب و سنن مسیحیت در اروپا داشته است. هدف از این تحقیق شناخت ساختار فضایی معماری مهرابه ها در اروپاست، زیرا وجود اسناد مصور در مهرابه های اروپا نمایانگر کارکرد این فضاهاست. پرسش اصلی تحقیق این است که خصوصیات مهم معماری و ساختار اصلی فضای معماری مهرابه ها در اروپا چگونه بوده است؟ روش تحقیق، توصیفی و تحلیلی و گردآوری داده ها به صورت اسنادی بوده است. جامعه آماری شامل بررسی خصوصیات پنجاه مهرابه است که در این پژوهش، هشت نمونه ذکر شده است. طبق چارچوب نظری این تحقیق، عوامل و خصوصیات فرهنگی و اعتقادی در چگونگی شکل گیری فضاهای آیینی به ویژه معابد سهم مهمی داشته است. براساس نتایج تحقیق، بسیاری از مهرابه های اروپا ساختار معماری کمابیش همسانی داشت هاند که ناشی از ویژگی های فرهنگی و جهان بینی مهرپرستان است. این ساختار یک فضای مستطیل شکل داشت که به سه فضای خطی در کنار هم تقسیم م یشد. فضای میانی بیشتر محل عبور و مرور و دو فضای واقع در دو سوی آن برای استقرار افراد بود. در انتهای معبد، جایگاهی برای استقرار فرد یا افراد عالی مقام بود که اغلب بالاتر از سطح کف ساختمان قرار داشت. در این محل برخی مراسم آیینی مانند نیایش و قربانی کردن جانوران انجام م یشد. http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-1-5940-fa.pdf 2012-03-18 53 80 آیین مهرپرستی مهرابه معبد اروپا آیین ایرانی Spatial Structure of Mithraism Temple Mithraism rituals can be considered the most ancient Iranian religion, that based on available information, the scape and sphere of influence not only large parts of Grate Iran, but also parts of India and Europe, especially in the first centuries AC, impressed, as on most of the information and documents that Western Scholars were presented, how the law plays an important role in shaping some of the traditions of Christianity in Europe. The aim of this research to understand the spatial structure Mithraeum architecture in Europe, as illustrated in the documents properly reflect the performance space is Mithraism of Europe. The main research question is that, how important Features of the original architecture and atmosphere of the Mithraeum architecture was in Europe? Descriptive and analytical research and data collection methods to the documents. The statistical properties of the first fifty of the Mithraea that during their investigation, which number about eight samples of documents is illustrated more about them, and took a closer look. This theoretical framework is based on the phenomenon and characteristics of cultural and religions factors in shaping how the ritual space is particularly important temples. The research results show that almost that many in Europe have been found from most of Mithraism architectural structures that were more or less similarity of cultural characteristics and world views of Mithraism. This structure consists of a rectangular space, which were divided into three parts that together form a line a space of three groups. The middle space, where more traffic and double the space in which two, people were used to deployment. In the end of temple, there was a place that most cases were above a floor and place the person or persons of higher authority, and performing some ritual ceremonies such as prayer and sacrifice the animals. http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-1-5940-en.pdf 2012-03-18 53 80 Mehr Mithraeum Temple Ancient Rome Ancient Iran Hosein Soltanzade 1 Associate Prof., Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch AUTHOR Sima Rezaee Ashtiani 2 M.A in Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE نقش “بازآفرینی“ مناظر فرهنگی بر ارتقای کیفیت “زندگی شهروندی“ نمونه موردی: مجموعه زندیه شیراز مفهوم امروزی منظر فرهنگی نتیجه روند توسعۀ جامعۀ معاصر و ارزش های حاکم بر آن است. پس از جنگ جهانی و ویرانی های حاصل از آن و توسعۀ عظیم صنعتی، از دهۀ 1950 مردم دریافتند که زندگی شان ارتباط نزدیکی با محیطی دارد که در آن زندگی و کار م یکنند و این امر، تشخیص هویت فرهنگی و مرجعی روحی و روانی برای روشی متعادل در زندگی شد. از آن جای یکه بازآفرینی مناظر فرهنگی تأثیری قابل توجه بر مطلوبیت مؤلفه های کیفیت، در محیط زندگی شهروندی دارد بدین منظور در طی این پژوهش مفاهیم کیفیت، زندگی شهروندی و تأثیر شاخص های کیفیت عینی بر زندگی شهروندی بررسی خواهند شد. همچنین با توجه به اینکه مجموعه های شهری، یکی از جلوه های اصلی شکل گیری شهرهای بزرگ در طول تاریخ بوده و امروزه کم توجهی مدیران شهری به این گونه فضاها، این مراکز را با مشکلات متعددی روبرو کرده و باعث کاهش کیفیت محیط زندگی شهروندی در آن ها شده است؛ مجموعه زندیه شیراز که در واقع نوع خاصی از مناظرفرهنگی در محیطی درون شهری است مطالعه می شود و رهنمودهایی مبتنی بر بازآفرینی، به منظور ارتقای کیفیت زندگی شهروندی در این مجموعه شهری ارائه خواهد شد. روش تحقیق این نوشتار بر مبنای روش تحقیق توصیفی-تحلیلی با رویکرد مورد پژوهی تاریخی بنا نهاده شده است. منابع تحقیق، منابع کتابخانه ای و مشاهدات میدانی است. http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-1-7441-fa.pdf 2012-03-18 81 94 بازآفرینی کیفیت محیط زندگی شهروندی مؤلفه های کیفی زندگی شهروندی مجموعه زندیه Role of Cultural Landscapes Regeneration in the Enhancement of the Quality of Citizen Life (case study: Zandieh Complex of Shiraz) The recent concept of the cultural landscape is the result of the development of the contemporary society and it`s valuables. In the past years, often the special art works and important monuments were being noticed, but after the world war and its destructions and the enormous industrial development in the decade of 1950’s, people understood that their lives had a close relationship with the environment in which they had lived or worked, and this became a basis for the recognition of the cultural identity and a spiritual reference for a balanced way in their lives. Due to the considerable influence of the cultural regeneration on the desirable components of quality in the living environment of the citizens; the concepts of quality of citizen’s life and the effect of indexes of the objective quality on the citizen’s life, would be studied. On this basis, nowadays paying attention to the urban centers and the solutions based on the necessity of increase in quality of life is very important for the managers and urban program designers; because the desirable quality of the spaces have an undeniable effect on the humanity sensations and spaces are the basis of social and public activities, holding the ceremonies, identification factor of the cities, the arena for the believes to emerge, their thoughts and the way of living.In addition, regarding the fact that one of the main aspects and concentrations of urban buildings and building the large cities was based on the urban complexes, and nowadays the neglectfulness of the urban managers about these type of spaces has made a lot of problems for these centers which have degraded the quality of the life environments of the citizens. Zandiye complex of shiraz, which is a special kind of cultural landscape within the urban environment; is going to be studied and instructions based on the regeneration would be presented to improve the quality of the citizen’s life in this urban complex. The effects of this complex on Shiraz are so that it has defined a part of the identity of this city during the history, because the national and religious ceremonies have been held in this complex. Regardless of the vastness and importance of the Karimkhan complex of buildings due to the diverse and new functions, the zand street passing through the complex and some social-cultural issues, have affected the living quality and sustainable presence of the citizens; So a qualitative coordinator design seems to be very essential. It is obvious that the improvement of the quality of life in the cultural landscape in urban space needs to have access to the criteria’s and conditions which meet the consent of the citizen by providing their spiritual and non-spiritual requirements. The investigation procedure of this paper is based on the descriptive-analytic research method or the historical case study approach. The resources of this research are libraries and field observations. http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-1-7441-en.pdf 2012-03-18 81 94 Regeneration Quality of Environmental citizen Citizen’s Quality of Life Components Zandiye Complex Mohammadreza Pourjafar 1 Associate Prof., Dep. of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University AUTHOR Fahime Dehghani 2 M.A Student in Architecture, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE روش های طراحی مسکن انعطاف پذیر انعطاف پذیری در طراحی مسکن معاصر را می توان - با توجه به تغییرات ابعاد زندگی و معیشت - به عنوان راه حلی برای جلوگیری از گسیختگی تعاملات بین جامعه، مردم و فضای زیستی در نظر گرفت؛ زیرا خانه را باید متناسب با نیازهای در حال تغییر انسان طراحی نمود. انعطاف پذیری به ایده انطباق در طول زمان اشاره دارد. بنابراین، مسکن انعطا فپذیر مسکنی است که می تواند با تغییر نیازهای کاربران سازگار گردد و به درک نیازهای مورد انتظار کاربران با مشارکت آنها منجر شود. مشارکت مردم در این فرآیند، امکان انطباق مسکن با نیازهای آنها را افزایش می دهد و در نتیجه رضایت عمومی از مسکن را بالا می برد. این پژوهش با روش کتابخانه ای و با مطالعات موردی با هدف بحث و بررسی در مورد زمینه های مفهومی و عملیاتی طراحی مسکن در کشورهای مختلف شکل گرفته است و این موضوع را با تمرکز بر چند پروژه مسکونی مورد بحث قرار می دهد. ساختار تحقیق بر این ایده استوار که انعطاف پذیری به عنوان مفهوم فراگیری که شامل انواع مختلف است را می توان برای توسعه مسکن در همه دوران ها به کار برد. http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-1-5339-fa.pdf 2012-03-18 95 106 انعطاف پذیری مسکن سازگاری تغییر پذیری تنوع پذیری The Approaches towards Designing Flexible Housing Considering the vast changes in different aspects of life and various ways of earning livelihood, flexibility in contemporary housing design can be regarded as an appropriate solution in order to prevent from discreteness in interactions within the society and environment and among people. That is because a residence must be designed according to the changing needs of modern human. Traditional houses in Iran have already contained this concept, in modern era however, such viewpoint towards housing cannot be seen so often. Flexibility refers to the idea of adaptation throughout the time. Therefore it can be said that a flexible settlement is a house that can be adapted with the needs of the users and will lead to understanding the users’ expected demands with their own cooperation. Peoples’ cooperation in this process will increase the possibility of adaptation of housing with their needs which will eventually increase the general satisfaction of the housing. This research discusses the issue of flexibility and the related concepts in the field of housing with emphasis on some residential projects. Every settlement is depended on its user and the ground for its adaptation. Therefore, in terms of general design, we can say that settlement is dependent on both the environment and the user. Since human beings normally demand variety and  monotonous environmental conditions make human beings unsatisfied and bored; they usually have a favorable and positive view towards changes in their living environment. These varieties can range from some minor changes up to basic ones such as a change in the residential house itself. Flexibility in architectural design indicates variety. Such variety includes the possibility of adjustment and compatibility of a residential unit throughout time. It will eventually lead the building to show new varieties of its own. In order to demonstrate flexibility, the architects have to put the probable needs of the users into consideration in the process of designing. In other words, a “long-term thought” is required in designing.Flexibility in housing can be investigated from two points of views: first, from users’ point of view and secondly the innovative construction. Designing consists of four main issues: (1) structural system; (2) servicing spaces; (3) architectural design; and (4) facilities for environmental flexibility. The present study tries to express the concept of flexibility as a “new form of challenging architecture”. This is done using some examples and instances. From such viewpoint, the goal this study tries to attain is to survey the limitations and boundaries of flexible designing. This is done by analyzing the selected items. This way, the architect can turn flexibility into an opportunity and produce creative options in his/her work and design. The present study was conducted using library-based method and case study with the aim of studying and discussing the conceptual and operational grounds of housing design in different countries. The structure and main framework of the present study stands on the idea that flexibility can be used for  housing development in all eras and periods as a general concept and includes different types itself. http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-1-5339-en.pdf 2012-03-18 95 106 Flexibility housing Adaptability Changeability Variability Mahdi Zandieh 1 Assistant Professor, Dep. of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Development, Imam Khomeini International University AUTHOR Seyyed Rahman Eghbali 2 Assistant Professor, Dep. of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Development, Imam Khomeini International University AUTHOR Pedram Hessari 3 M.A. in Architecture, Dep. of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Development, Imam Khomeini International University AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE بازطراحی بوستان های محله ای با تأکید بر توسعه روابط اجتماعی میان ساکنان محله طراحی و احداث بوستان های محلی، به عنوان بخشی از فضای سبز شهری، از موضوعات مهم در طراحی و برنامه ریزی شهرهای معاصر هستند. مطالعات نشان می دهند؛ در کشورهای در حال توسعه مانند ایران، توجه به بوستان های محلی بیشتر با هدف تأمین حداقل فضای سبز مورد نیاز برای شهرها صورت می پذیرد؛ اما مسئله اصلی اینجاست که با وجود اثر گذاری این بوستان ها بر نوع و کیفیت روابط میان شهروندان، کیفیت و چگونگی این تأثیرات در طراحی بوستان ها به دقت تبیین نمی شوند. از این رو، پرسش های این پژوهش عبارتند از: 1 بوستان های محلی چه ارتباطی با کیفیت روابط اجتماعی در محله ها دارند؟؛ 2 چگونه می توان با استفاده از ظرفیت های فضاهای سبز محلی به توسعه روابط محله ای پرداخت؟ برای پاسخ گویی به سؤالات تحقیق، از روش تحقیق توصیفی  تحلیلی و از راهکارهای ترکیبی استفاده شده است. برای تحلیل ابعاد مختلف این مسئله، دو نمونه از بوستان های شهری موفق در یک کشور توسعه یافته و یک نمونه بوستان محلی در ایران انتخاب شده اند. در این پژوهش ضمن تحلیل کیفیت عملکرد این بوستان ها در فضای شهری، کوشش شده است جنبه های مختلف تأثیر گذاری این بوستان ها بر روابط محل های استخراج شود و بر این اساس، راهکارهایی برای طراحی بوستان های محلی در کشورهای در حال توسعه مانند ایران پیشنهاد شود. http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-1-1964-fa.pdf 2012-03-18 107 129 روابط اجتماعی بوستان محلی فضای سبز شهری Re-design of Neighborhood Parks with an Emphasis on Social Relationship Development in the Neighborhood Communities Previously, neighborhood units were considered as the first identity unit of cities and the most important base of citizen’s social relationships, however recently they have been lost in the shadow of new urban developments. Nowadays, the quantity of citizen’s relationships has been increased but it happened at the cost of quality reduction in social relationships alongside replacement with virtual relationships. It seems that the identity and cultural structure of urban society are being threatened by new urbanism development and loss of their original functions in Iran. This is the result of shrinkage in the function of neighborhood centers and interior public spaces in the neighborhood units. On the other hand, green spaces and valuable natural countryside of cities are destroyed because of population increasing, industrial development and undefined urban expansion. Not only reduction in appropriate urban green spaces has suppressed their effects on urban pollutions but also limited the recreational and social open spaces in the cities. Design and construction of neighborhood parks as a part of urban green spaces, are among the most important issues in the design and planning of contemporary urbanism. In the developing countries such as Iran, establishment of new neighborhood parks is part of the Improvement of minimum necessary urban green spaces, but the effect of such green spaces on the type and quality of citizens’ relationships has not been deeply noticed. Noticing the” neighborhood unit” as an informant unit of city is basically one of the fundamental strategies for solving this problem. Revitalization of old neighborhood unit centers in the form of new neighborhood parks and using the potential of neighborhood green spaces could develop social relationship in the neighborhood units. This research aims to answer two questions: 1) What is the function of neighborhood parks in the social relationship quality of neighborhood communities; and 2) How the neighborhood parks can be used for development of neighborhood social relationships. Two successful samples from the developed countries and one successful sample from Iran were selected for analytical –descriptive analysis of the subject. Besides analyzing the operation quality of these parks in urban spaces, different impacts of such green spaces on neighborhood social relationships were studied. The results showed that, for increasing of neighborhood social relationships, the appropriate conditions for increasing the presence time of people in the parks must be provided at first. Some of these conditions such as easy accessibility, attractiveness, etc have impact on peoples’ attraction to the parks, and some others such as physiological comfort, sense of security, natural scenes, etc have impact on people’s presence time in the park. Suitable tactics for increasing interaction between people were stabilized; such as park furniture arrangement types, multiple and social activities and, good aggregation points. Based on the results of this study, appropriate strategies for the design of  neighborhood parks were developed. http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-1-1964-en.pdf 2012-03-18 107 129 Neighborhood parks Social Relationship urban green spaces Kianoosh Soozanchi 1 Assistant Prof., Dep. of Architecture, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University AUTHOR Sara Tariveh 2 M.A Student in Architecture, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University AUTHOR