1 2322-4991 Tarbiat Modares University 3203 An Evaluation Framework for Measuring Participation in Urban Renovation Projects and it’s Application in The Special Renovation Project of Shahid-Khoob-Bakht Neighborhood Ansari Samineh b Andalib Alireza c b PhD Student, Urbanization Department, Tehran University of Art, Tehran, Iran c Associate Professor of Department of Urbanization, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 1 7 2016 6 1 17 5 07 04 2016 20 03 2016 In last two decades, the misuse of the word participation as a nice adding to the title of most urban projects in Iran has become customary and habitual. Most of these projects would not even begin to measure up to the actual meaning of this word and even if they claim that they do, it is hardly possible to evaluate their work as there could be loads of misunderstanding in what they would define an absolutely qualitative concept like participation and how should it be measured. Considering the abundant of the incorrect use of the term participational Urban Renovation and its Ambiguous meaning due to the vastness of scope, this paper is aiming to create a framework that can qualify participatory aspect of urban redevelopment projects and calculate it to a quantitative value which would be shown in percentages. This framework can be extremely helpful in creating a measurement of real participation in urban renovation projects, and work against non-participatory actions in these projects. In this paper, first, there is an elaboration of participation and explanation of the process of participational Urban Renovation. We emphasize the importance and the necessity of public involvement in these projects and explain how this constant public participation translates into a process of Renovation and introduces The Step-Wise-Logic of the LUDA Regeneration Process. This process is a set of tasks and related activities for diagnosis of the urban distress, visioning the desired future by engaging and involving stakeholders, programming this vision, implementation of the program, and monitoring the success of the program. In the next part of the literature review, the variations of involvement in these regeneration programs are discussed; and classifications of such participation is represented based on the participation ladders from Arnstein’s first ladder in 1969 to the more recent ladders. Arnestein’s participation ladder focuses on three main levels which are Nonparticipation, Tokenism, and Citizen Power or Partnership. On the other hand, other researchers have also organized various participation procedures according to the degree of public involvement, varying from the public right-to-know to public partnership in decision-making. They also recognize that the nature of participation can change over time, and different engagement approaches may be more suitable for various stages of this process. After discussing participation processes based on the participation Ladders, We developed a chart to compare the ladders and match the levels of participation that they represent, while trying to be as discreet as possible not to ignore the differences between them but to strengthen the very core of each level by finding new participatory instruments that could be defined within each step. The goal of Combining these various approaches in form of a chart was that the combination could provide a more comprehensive picture of the degree of participation that was actually occurring rather than each one of them individually. In the developed chart, the rows represent the scope of participation, and the columns include participatory tools and methods which are graded by their importance based on three primary levels of Arnstein’s ladder itself. Therefore, the rows of this chart include three main levels of Nonparticipation, Tokenism, and Citizen Power, and three sub-levels for each level. The four columns of this table include the participatory instruments and methods represented in four different main approaches, including UNDP’s, and also Dorcey, Wiedemann & Femers, Conner, and Pimbert & Pretty›s views on the subject. For example, the Arnstein’s highest level of participation, called “citizen control,” in which citizens have full power to plan, make decisions and manage is parallel to the “self-management” level in UNDP’s approach which indicates the interactions of stakeholders in learning processes, which optimizes the well-being of all concerned. This row of the chart is also level to “self-mobilization/ active participation” and “on-going interactions” in other approaches. Another example could be the last row of this table, which represents the lowest degree of participation or non-participation, and is level to manipulation, informing, and passive participation; and is characterized by one-way communication with stakeholders, with neither channel or feedback nor power for negotiation. In this paper, to use this chart as a framework for evaluating the case study, we changed adapted it for evaluation of an actual urban Renovation project by assigning colors and hatches to each step of the renovation process and showing the methods of public participation which were used in each step by different colors. The steps of Urban Renovation were defined according to The Step-Wise-Logic of the LUDA Regeneration Process, as explain before. Therefore, we have considered participation acts in these steps, and assigned colors and hatches for presenting each of them, which include “participation in Diagnosis,” “participation in Visioning,” “participation in Programming,” “participation in Implementation”, and “Participation in Monitoring.” The case study of this paper is “the special Renovation project of SHAHID KHOOB-BAKHT’S neighborhood” and this project was defined by “The Urban Renovation Organization of Tehran City”, as a pattern to be followed by other urban redevelopment projects as well; and therefore, it was imperative to evaluate the level of real participation that this pattern made possible. By reviewing the existing data and formally published reports on this project, we extracted the participatory tools and methods which were used during various steps of this project and developed the adapted version of the explained table for it. Then the number of colored or hatched cells for each step of the project was multiplied by the previously assigned grades and the final results which will evaluate the general rate of participation by percentage were calculated. The results show that in the case of this particular project, the most degree of participation occurred in the programming step and this participation belonged to the “citizen control” and the “tokenism” types of participation in general and specifically to the sub-types of partnership, consultation and informing, which are placed on the 4th, the 5th, and the 6th level of the table. The results also showed that there were moderate degrees of participation in the visioning and the implementation steps of the project, at the “tokenism” level and the “consultation” sub-level of participation. It was apparent that involvement of stakeholders in the monitoring and the diagnosis of this project was non-existent. This is especially alarming because it shows that the residents are not held responsible for supervising the process of the project nor surveilling the vitality of their neighborhood as a thriving community. Improving the levels of resident involvement in the monitoring and diagnosis steps could ensure that the decaying cycle of urban fabric would eventually slow down as the residents would get much more sensitive to the quality of space in their neighborhood. The general rate of participation in this project is measured to be 65.4 percent, which shows that considering all the obstacles that this project had to overcome – legal, financial, social obstacles, etc. - as a new experiment, there is hope for the other projects which are following this project’s particular process as a pattern.
1225 Energy Efficiency Assessment In Urban Scale; Case Study City Of Tehran (Tehran & Zahirabad Neighborhood) Rezaie Jahromi Pegah Barakpur Naser 1 7 2016 6 1 30 18 07 04 2016 20 03 2016 Introduction: Based on current estimations of different organizations, half of the world’s population live in cities, and these cities are the main consumers of energy. Cities have grand contribution in energy production of the world (around %60 to %80) and they have such enormous contribution in the emission of CO2. Energy is at the heart of the most critical economic, environmental and developmental issues facing the world today. Energy is essential to the delivery of urban services, and its role can be consid-ered vital at many stagesin the urban design process. This research begins with the planning and layout of a new cityand goes through to the socioeconomic structure of the city and its activities and the choiceof energy carriers and technologies used to meet the city’s energy demands. In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in urban climate and energy issues. LiteratureReview:Based on theories and history of energy consumption levels in different countries and with the consideration of sustainable development in the world, protection of energy resources became important and along continuing years, different approaches like smart growth, compact development, etc. have been introduced which shows the importance of this issue. Urban planning and design determines a city’s spatial, physical and managerial structure and influences directly and indirectly the energy consumption. Energy modeling in city scale is an ideal tool for studying energy consumption and reducing production of greenhouse gases in urban planning level. Models of urban efficiency evaluation in city scale is based on building, transport, etc. criterions and their great potential for consuming energy and producing greenhouse gases, can be proper guidelines for reducing energy consumption and in-creasing energy efficiency (EE). With regards to population growth and rapid urbanization, It seems es-sential to evaluate energy consumption and for improving its efficiency with different strategies. With regards to these issues, EE, either for protection of energy resources and optimum utilization of them, or for opposition with climate change and their pollutions, are issues which have importance in both nation-al and international dimensions. So, many actions have been accomplished which concentrate on two main issues: sustainable development and opposition with climate change. There are few studies about these issues, for example World Bank has worked in a few case studies such as Gaziantep in Turkey.In Iran, also based on done census in recent years, we have evolved in ur-banization through the increase of city›s count and immigration of villagers. There is also limited case studies in Iran, about the energy efficiency assessment in small scales, such as the neighborhood and building. So, nowadays, necessity of energy efficiency evaluation is important because of irregular energy consumption through optimized actions of urban planning which can reduce a city’s dependence on fos-sil energies and reduce costs and release financial resources for improvement of city services and social-economic advantages. Methodology: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between urban planning and energy efficiency, to present related approaches to this issue and to survey energy efficiency evaluation models with an emphasis to urban scale. Depending on the scale studied, models with different scales can be used to evaluate energy efficiency. Some models are used to study the energy efficiency in the scale of cities and others in lowers scales of a city’s divisions, such as districts and neighborhoods. Through studying EE models, we can identify their effective factors and existing barriers, as well as their performances. After considering the theoretical elements in evaluating the EE in city planning while fo-cusing on identifying different models and approaches to evaluate energy efficiency, two models in two levels have been chosen in this research: Firstly, TRACE model was chosen to evaluate the amount of energy consumption with different indices and criteria in the whole city of Tehran and the required sug-gestions were made for EE to be increased.TRACE is a decision-support system designed to help cities quickly identify and harness EE opportunities. It targets underperforming sectors, evaluates improvement and cost-saving potential,and helps prioritize actions for EE interventions. TRACE focuses on the munici-pal sectors with the highest energy use: passenger transport, municipal buildings, water and wastewater, public lighting and solid waste. Then, LEED model was chosen in the second level to evaluate energy efficiency more accurately in the districts of Tehran, and the sample neighborhood was Zahirabad in District 20 of Tehran which was studied with different indexes so that the EE in this area could be evaluated. The LEED is based on existing proven technology that drives market strength and credibility through the industry-wide development of LEED products. LEED is an initiative designed to actively promote the transformation of the mainstream towards more sustainable practices. Results:Results show that energy consumption evaluation can identify the High-power indicators and have an important role in reducing consuming energy of cities. In this study, in the initial level, Trace Model, based on comparison with other world cities, which has been included in presupposition of mod-el, and determination of their priority, building and transport indicators have been estimated as the most energy consumer parts of Tehran; And in the second level, in order to evaluate energy efficiency in neighborhood scale, has been done with LEED model which concentrates on most energy consuming indicators in first level -building and transport-. The score of neighborhood evaluation with LEED model is approximately acceptable based on this model and with regards to chosen criterions energy efficiency in neighborhood is in middle level and with changing certain situations we can increase EE in neighborhood. The survey of energy efficiency in one of the neighborhoods can provide a framework for evaluating other neighborhoods of Tehran in future studies and finally estimating EE in city level. Paying respect to time limitations, this neighborhood has been chosen just as a case, in order to use this model for other neighborhoods of Tehran and to recognize legal frameworks and development plans, policies and strate-gies for reducing energy consumption in different levels. Discussion and Conclusion: Research findings show that construction and transportation are the two most effective factors in the amount of energy consumption and efficiency. Resulting strategies from this study -based on tools and methods of energy efficiency evaluation- for reducing energy consumption and increasing energy efficiency include: promotion of mixed land-use, augmentation of density and compaction, development of public transportation, management and pricing parking, augmentation of pedestrian and bicycle accessibility and changing of energy consumption patterns at home, building and infrastructure parts, etc. Moreover, consideration of essentials in using reproducible energies in plan-ning can improve the utilization of these energies and increase energy efficiency. It ought to be said that in order to respond to the energy efficiency challenge in cities, it is important to choose a particular method with regards to native situations and city scale. With presenting proper strategies and changing in case studies, we can adjust energy consumption and go toward energy efficiency and a sustainable de-velopment. So, according to the results from analysis and proposed recommendations and strategies for improving energy efficiency in two scales, we can increase energy efficiency with setting policies and taking action. 11429 Modular Building Envelope Panel with Heating and Cooling Capability Abolhasani Nooshin Saghafi Mohammad Javad Fayaz Rima Kari Behrouz Mohammad 1 7 2016 6 1 41 31 29 04 2016 20 03 2016 In order to reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions, we are supposed to find some ways to diminish our reliance on fossil fuel .Generally, energy use in residential, commercial and public buildings account for %36 of total global final energy consumption in Iran.(Secretariat of Energy and Electricity، 44 :2013) In this regard, renewable energy resources have become vital for heating and cooling. Using solar systems is an appropriate measure towards reduction of fossil fuel consumption and mitigation of adverse environmental impacts. According to the huge potential of solar radiation in Iran, integration of heating and cooling systems in the building envelope is a necessity if the systems are to be economically feasible. The integration is possible only if the design of the passive technology is included in the early stages of the design process. Space heating is the most important building energy use in regions with cold climate and one of the passive solar technologies which is used in mentioned regions is Trombe-wall. Classic Trombe-wall is a passive solar system made up of a south-facing massive wall painted in black on the external surface, an air layer and glazing on the exterior. The wall is equipped with vents at the top and at the bottom for the air thermo-circulation in the air gap. The Trombe-wall systems function by absorbing solar rays and converting their energy. A Trombe-wall stores energy during the sunshine and supplies energy when a building’s occupants require it. It has been widely studied regarding winter behavior, but in summer the system can cause undesired heat gains and overheating phenomena, especially in well insulated buildings. Only few studies focus on their summer behavior. Overshadowing on Trombe-wall’s glazing in summer is an action recommended by several authors. “Modular building envelope panel with heating and cooling capability” is inspired from Trombe-wall in heating scenario and looking forward to improving its summer behavior by the use of evaporative cooling system. In the current study, water was used instead of conventional masonry material, according to its thermal capacity, transparency and fluidity. In summer, the water is discharged and cooling loads are reduced using evaporative cooling. This strategy results in overall building efficiency improvement. (Abolhasani, 2014:21) We attempted to design a modular system for the façade. Modularity offers many advantages and solves some parts of the problems in using conventional built in-situ solar walls. It facilities industrial mass production with high quality and ease of installation, repairing and maintenance. Fully modular products could allow components to be replaced without affecting other elements and reduces the total cost of the entire product. Modular design facilitates design standardization by identifying the component’s performance clearly and minimizing the incidental interactions between a component and the rest of the product. We assessed energy performance of proposed panel using EnergyPlus 8.1 simulation software and investigated influence of it on heating and cooling loads. In order to do that, a series of hour-by-hour simulations carried out on two different models that are made of some thermal zones. The first one is a single room with the dimensions 3m*4m*3m which its south facing side is a double glazed curtain wall. The other model is a room with proposed panel which consists of two zones – a room with the same dimension as that of the first model, named “Room zone” and a zone dimensioned 0.1m*4m*3m, named Trombe zone. These two zones must have an inlet and an outlet “node” to link them in an air loop within the simulation. Air Loop is formed by defining nodes and components. We defined different components in different seasons. We used a supply plenum exposed to sun, for winter and evaporative cooler component, for summer. For winter simulation we made use of water as collector and storage material and supposed air loop between trombe zone and room zone. For summer behavior, water is supposed to be discharged to activate evaporative cooler component in the air loop. Comparing the output of simulations showed that designed panel decreases heating and cooling loads in our assumed model. We iterated the simulation in room with proposed panel to optimize different parameters and characteristics of constitutive elements. We optimized thickness of water layer as a thermal mass. The results showed that in thicknesses under 125mm, increasing the thickness decreases heating load significantly, however over 125mm, the decreasing rate slows down. The thickness of 125mm reduces 65 percent of heating load in working hours. In order to select the best exterior glazing material, a series of simulations carried out on 6 types of glazing. The effect of glazing type was investigated using net heat gain. Low emission coating showed the best performance. Using low emission glazing instead of single glazing for a Tromb-wall system not only reduced heat losses in winter but also enhanced passive cooling in summer. Results also proved that natural ventilation cannot reduce cooling demand in cold climate condition. It can be alleviated by evaporating cooling and reduction of sensible heat and have a positive impact on summer performance. To improve energy efficiency in designed panel, a forced air circulator was used. In evaporative cooling scenario water consumption and airflow rate was optimized by simulations. The results showed the best performance in an air flow rate ranging from 0.10 up to 0.15 m3/s (equivalent to 300-200 cfm). Finally, the optimized values were used to redesign details of the panel. Proposed panel consists of polycarbonate plenum, low emission glazing on exterior side, dampers, ultrasonic evaporative cooler, movable shading, centrifugal fan and horizontal stud- in order to increase resistance of plenum against static pressure of water. Evaluation of suggested system in the sample model proved its effectiveness in reduction of annual energy demand -heating and cooling loads. The results of this research is based on the weather data of Tabriz, Iran, and the specific sample, so these values cannot be applied to the other climate regions and building conditions. Independent studies should take place for various climate conditions. Also, it would be better to do some experimental surveys to validate the results of the research. 2922 Study of Embodied Energy consumption in Residential Sector: Case Study of Shiraz Foroozan Narjes Hajipour Khalil Soltani Ali 1 7 2016 6 1 42 52 24 04 2016 20 03 2016 Introduction and Literature Review: Reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions to alleviate the effects of global warming have become a worldwide necessity. This matter has significant importance in Iran, because Iran has the seventh ranking position of global greenhouse gas emissions and its rate of growth is above global average. Building construction sector is experiencing a fast-paced growth in developing countries, like Iran, due to growth of economy and rapid urbanization. A large number of buildings are being built for residential, commercial and office purposes every year. Built environments are responsible for about 40 percent of energy consumption in Iran and it is generally approved that the greatest portion of built environment is dedicated to residential use. Energy consumed in producing and processing building materials and in the processes of building a house, is usually calculated using embodied energy concept. Until recently, it was generally accepted that the energy used during the occupation of a building represented a much higher proportion than its embodied energy; thus, great efforts were put into reducing energy use in this phase. New and improved technologies have reduced the operational energy through a variety of solutions, including energy-efficient equipment and appliances, improved insulation levels, low energy lighting, heat recovery systems, the provision of solar hot water systems, photovoltaic panels for generation of electricity, and other renewable technologies. However, these measures often imply an increase in materials use and energy demand for their production, which explains the growing importance of other phases in the total life cycle. According to the global literature, embodied energy of a building accounts for one third to one fifth of the total life cycle energy consumption of a specific building. However as the global trend for the new developments moves toward the zero energy/carbon buildings, the importance of the embodied energy increases. In fact embodied energy is one of the leading parameters in assessing building’s environmental performance, because in building projects, vast amounts of building materials are needed which consume great amounts of embodied energy and thus have negative effect on environment. With this preamble, improving energy efficiency of the existing dwelling stock of urban regions will increasingly be part of achieving sustainable development in future. Although this aspect of achieving sustainable development has been the subject of many global practices in recent years and global literature is almost rich in the calculations and analysis of embodied energy and life cycle energy consumption, this matter has been neglected almost completely in Iran and those few studies conducted focusing on energy in urban planning and designing fields, are mainly concentrating on transportation sector. Thus the main goal of this study is analyzing the sustainability of urban residential sector with focusing on embodied energy consumption. Methodology: In this regard, residential sector in Shiraz Metropolitan has been divided into seven different dwelling types including central-yard houses, attached terrace houses (one story houses, two story and three story houses), apartments (which are buildings of four story and above), villas and declined houses. Gathering raw data in this study was challenging, considering the fact that house building in Iran is far from industrialized and prefabricated building is really limited. Unfortunately there is no data available on the average material consumption of different dwelling types in Iran and the only study similar to this was done focusing on building structures. Using this only available data, we built our data bank in Microsoft Office excel and then focused on computing average embodied energy via multiplying embodied energy of common building materials extracted from a report conducted in the University of Bath titled “Embodied Carbon: The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE)” into average material consumption based on building structures. Another point we had to take into account was the unit of the available data; while embodied energy of materials were presented in gigajoules per square meter, average material consumptions of dwellings were presented in different units from square meters, to cubic meters, kilograms and blocks. So using density of materials we established a second data base with similar units. Normalizing this raw data through dividing average embodied energy of residential dwelling by dwelling area we calculated the capitation of embodied energy for each dwelling. Afterwards we prioritized embodied energyconsumption of dwelling types from lowest embodied energy capitation to the highest as follows: brick and wood structures with about 3 GJ/m^2 embodied energy, clay brick concrete structures, clay brick steel structures, brick concrete structures, brick and iron structures, and at last brick steel structures with about5.35 GJ/m^2 embodied energy Results: To be sure of the validity of these comparisons analysis of variances (ANOVA) and Post Hoc Tests (Least significant difference- LSD) have been applied to these data in IBM SPSS statistics 19, and the result has been positive. Then collected data were shifted from structure types to dwelling types and we found out that central-yard houses with 3.6 GJ/m^2 embodied energy per capita are the most energy efficient dwelling types. After this type in sequence lay one-story terrace houses (4.21GJ/m^2 ), apartments (4.26GJ/ m^2 ), two story terrace houses (4.67GJ/m^2 ), declined houses (4.81GJ/m^2 ), villas (4.84GJ/m^2 ), and three story terrace houses (5.21GJ/m^2 ). Discussion and Conclusion: This paper highlights the need to use location-specific data in the development of building assessment schemes and the issues related to the use of embodied energy assessment for the building sector. Absence of localized data base on building material consumption on the basis of dwelling type and lack of data on cradle to grave embodied carbon and energy of common building materials were the most important obstacles in this research. On the basis of international research, paint, bitumen, platevirgin, sheet Galvanized-virgin, steel, ceramics, primary glass, iron bars, lime, cement, and common brick are the most energy intensive materials. So on account of lack of localized data, we used international embodied energy of common building materials (cradle-to-gate) to calculate embodied energy of different dwelling types. Despite of major shortcomings in data base, noteworthy conclusions have been deducted from this work which are summarized as follows: traditional form of housing in Shiraz which is known as central yard houses in this paper with brick and wood structures (in which there is a yard in the center of the block and the residential parts are located at its periphery) are the most sustainable form of housing according to this research criteria and case study. This may owe its accomplishment to the low embodied energy of common materials used in this type of housing which we may call the most environmental friendly form of housing in Shiraz. Furthermore there is a substantial lack of data on embodied energy and carbon of materials in general, and in particular on the embodied energy and carbon of buildings to be able to do an entire evaluation of buildings in their life long period. So to do a complete research in building sector (life cycle assessment), including embodied energy, gray energy, operational energy, induced energy, Demolition/Recycling Energy, and retrofit energy are unavoidable. 134 The Prioritization of local public buildings in time of crisis based on passive defense approach by Delphi technique Kameli Mohsen Hosseini Bagher 1 7 2016 6 1 53 64 24 04 2016 20 03 2016 Neighborhoods and public buildings are required to comply with specific criteria from the perspective of passive defense to survive and to continue its activities in conditions of crisis. In order to achieve the criteria, the recognition of threats and the priority of local public buildings based on various items can be helpful. The priorities explain which the user is more sensitive, more vulnerable and in times of crisis can be useful. The aim of the research is the priorities of existing buildings in the neighborhood on the field of functional necessity, the application in crisis and the sensitivity of the enemy. In times of crisis, Cities and accommodation and activity centers as well as public buildings as centers of human and material capital are the target for the enemy and attack them causes great damage. Accordingly, the neighborhoods that form the cities and public buildings in there are always on top of the important purposes of attackers. So through this paper study the urban buildings in the neighborhood of three terms of the amount of applicability in crisis, the sensitivity of the enemy and the sphere of functional necessity. Delphi technique used in this study and the research population included all defense experts and architecture, of which 12 samples selected. In general, the concept and household of neighborhood can be defined as different aspects of social, psychological, mental, cognitive, architecture (physical) and politically. Regarding to the world literature, two words, township and neighborhood can translated as the concept of neighborhood. While included the populations of them, respectively, 2000 and 10000 and 15000 to 40000 people. The first word is residential neighborhood that has a distinct identity but the second word refers to an area that in addition to large size has a diverse career opportunities. In urban classification, neighborhood is the first category and then the region, district, city and beyond, the next field. This neighborhood has the necessary equipment, including schools, supermarkets and entertainment centers. Public buildings of neighborhood that used as the first area of urban buildings including banks, shopping centers, libraries, mosques and religious sites, indoor clubs, schools, small industrial sites, hospitals, clinics and laboratories, emergency centers, subway, bus terminals, car parks, restaurants, fire station, power station, gas station, water and security centers. The purpose of measuring the important urban centers whit this benchmark is to find places that have the most users at the time of the invasion of the city, also have more effects in comparison with other users. This priority known against those places that is not effective in crisis. Identification of such sites has the advantage of looking for lasting strategic locations and finding solutions to maintain the physic and performance of those sites. Also, identify the places that the enemy does not considered as important targets and remove them from the priority of places in order to secure. If the domain of passive defense extended by the presence of some vital services after enemy attack, then the activities and places that are essential will identify during the threats. Other places that are diagnosed unnecessary or less effective, have the potential to change the physic to new performance. Provided that the architectural design is flexible and meet the vital needs of the city. In this study, the Delphi technique performed for the Prioritization of public buildings in terms of passive defense in times of crisis. The first point in the Delphi panel is the way to choose its members so that usually invited 10 to 15 specialists is the best for participation in Delphi. Delphi panel members for this study selected for non-probable sampling and combination of purposive or judgmental and sequential methods of 12 patients. In this method, the panel members usually offer their opinions in numbers, then the average is calculated by agree and disagree panel members, subsequently this information notified to members to obtain new ideas. In the next step, each member offers new opinion or modifies his previous opinion based on information obtained from the previous stage. This process continues until an average number is stable enough. The questionnaire designed as for the proposed priorities. According to the results shown the average per any local user, calculate by priority on the amount of applicability of the crisis, the sensitivity of the enemy and the sphere of functional necessity. In this way, there is priority on the amount of applicability of the crisis, the sensitivity of the enemy and the sphere of functional necessity for every 10 local buildings. The result in neighborhood suggests that priority applications on the sensitivity of the enemy, the first priority attack in the enemy point of view according to the panel members are military statins, power stations, gas stations and water centers. Mosques and religious sites, clinics and health centers, subway, parking and fire stations are as second priority and the banks, shopping centers and nonprofit services, libraries, indoor clubs, schools, kindergarten and restaurants is considered worthless attack. The priority on the sphere of functional necessity, clinics and health centers, subway, fire stations, power stations, gas stations, water centers and military stations are necessary, parking is rather essential and restaurants, libraries, Mosques and religious sites, indoor clubs, schools and kindergarten are non-performance. Also in priority on necessity in crisis, banks are non-usable, parking, schools and kindergarten, indoor clubs, Mosques and religious sites and libraries have possibility of granting new performance (indirect use) and shopping centers and nonprofit services, clinics and health centers, subway, fire stations, power stations, gas stations, water centers and military stations are a direct function (Maintain existing performance). The results in the prioritization in public buildings in the neighborhood suggest that the use in the prioritization in public buildings the neighborhood includes 10 users and each user also contains one or two sub-user. The applications analyzed based on three priorities (the amount of applicability in crisis, the sensitivity of the enemy and the sphere of functional necessity). The priority applications on the sensitivity of the enemy, the first priority attack in the enemy point of view according to the panel members are military statins, power stations, gas stations and water centers. The priority on the sphere of functional necessity, clinics and health centers, subway, fire stations, power stations, gas stations, water centers and military stations are necessary. In priority on necessity in crisis, shopping centers and nonprofit services, clinics and health centers, subway, fire stations, power stations, gas stations, water centers and military stations are a direct function (Maintain existing performance). Designing complex subway station and mixing them with crisis management provides an opportunity to understand multi-functional of station spaces. This article seeks to reduce vulnerabilities in the analysis subway stations measures to be considered as temporary accommodation in an emergencies and provide a safe space research questions inclusive weather do you have ability to the performance is also, in addition to its roles as station for transport and cultural and commercial complex; in critical condition become to temporary housing? Or what factors effect on flexibility of architectural complex subway? We have very good station complex in our country. A station complex itself consists of several levels of services areas include entertainment and office. This type of sorting and spatial layout is designed based on the needs. But in this paper we discussed bout benefits of this wide space and advantages of all the facilities and equipment in emergencies. Developing countries, including Iran, in addition to being more prone to accidents and natural disasters than other communities, total human casualties and property damage in case of accident these communities are heavier. To prevent the occurrence, planning to rescue damaged area and temporary accommodation, all communities need new Disaster Management. In the present study we have tried through a multi-functional and flexible design, the central station with the highest integrity economic, social and environmental be prepared to deal with the sudden crises. Despite the unexpected event and the space subway stations is located in the basement created a good spaces for sheltering people affected. 542 Indigenous technology and architectural harmony with the climate ; The case of rural housing in the three zones in Semnan province Kalantari Khalil Abad Hosein Kazemi Mohammad Heidari Ali Akbar Tabatabaian Maryam haghi mehdi 1 7 2016 6 1 65 79 24 04 2016 20 03 2016 Every unit which has identity for purposes of role and outward appearance in the geographical space, and its location of the place in the space that is specified, it could be accounted as a building that settlement should be figured as a type of these units. Housing, as one of the basic needs of mankind, has economical, social, and cultural characteristics. Being multidimensional, housing has found its place in the priorities of human life. Meanwhile, development of urban society has found its roots in the rural way of life. Rural housing due to its functional role and its underlying effects on the everyday›s life reserves its own special importance. The rural housing has a remarkable differences to city housing not only from outward appearance aspects but also from respected contains. These differences could be found only by study of compatibility of them with the around natural environment and different housing functions compatible with the environment and villagers activities and besides that the traditional experiences of construction. The rural houses for their residents prepare the necessary spaces for living, store of food and other articles, the place for domestic animals, and a place as a community center for communications, exchange of views and so on. In reality components and spaces forms the elements of house of residential unit and eventually define the functions of rural houses. The rural houses have different functions. The study and investigation of architecture and structures of rural houses not only can recognize the circumstances of construction and experiences of formers in the architectural harmony with the environment and climate but also can be as a light in the improvement road of rural houses in front of responsible persons and experts. In the investigation and recognition of rural settlements, typology of villages in one of the objects that for ease of rural development planning always should be considered. In principal, the rural typology is one of the main rural geographical subjects. Diversity in the type of villages is a consequence of differences of factors and phenomena which has been effective in coming into existence of villages. In human subjects, type of villages as compared with (with regard to) physical factors is more effective of the social and economic structures of villages, although the physical factors also play their role. The spatial establishment model of rural settlements for the reason of dependence of its most productive activities. The natural conditions and factors, more than the urban settlements can be influenced by these factors. The public fabric of rural settlements states the shape, form and model that are resulted from influence of different factors in the village land and the method of connection and interaction of these elements and their characteristics. In this manner, the skeleton fabric of these settlements is the representation of the disciplined method of houses and establishment of agricultural land and also quality of setting the roads and squares (road system) next to each other (saeidi, 53 ,2002). Distinction and differentiation of density rate and shape (form) of each village can help the nature recognition and also the social – economical differences that are ruling it. In this matter, rural housing is manifestation place of livelihood – living methods and eventually forces and environmental key factors and social- economical trends are effective on shaping up them. In this research, the method of study is based on field and document study, that documental method is including written document in the area of rural life and statistical resources. In the field study method for investigation of housing characteristics in the rural fabric, four principal methods of cluster sampling have been used. In this cluster category, it is tried the majority methods and also the ones from space point of view are usable and it is possible to use them in making model and repair for preservation of rural culturalheritage should be chosen. In choosing some models, regional native characteristics are considered in a way that housing as an outcome and product of architecture with the climatic conditioning of the zones are harmonized. Settlements of Semnan province in regard of natural environment characteristics and also from extent and population is confronted by the diversity. In this manner, for sampling, at the beginning, settlements of province based on population and four separated cities have been categorized in four population zones. Then for the reason of natural limitation establishment and forming of the settlements that following it in the fabric whole construction and rural housing has had remarkable influence. Four zones of villages in each city of province from natural establishment model point of view have been divided in three mountainous, hillside and flat zones. The results of investigations show that position and climatic geographic characteristics have a significant role in rural housing fabric and outward appearance and forming model of spaces, function of rural housing and types of construction materials of housing fabric of village which have been used with the native traditions and public recognition of material production technology and implementation of efficient models in the architecture of building housing have been continuous and sustainable. Investigation of rural housing architecture as a guide can play a role in development and improvement of rural housing in front of planners and experts. In this article, investigation of rural housing characteristics in three zones of flat, hillside and mountainous have been done and recognition and investigation of some of the housing models in each zone, the internal form and function of rural housing and the type of materials that have been used in houses. In this research, choosing some of the models with the pre-assumption that is being efficient and also possibility of copying of model along with construction and with repair and rehabilitation of housing in rural fabric provides the possibility of harmony of housing with climate for residents. The results of investigations show that situation, geographic factors and characteristics have a significant role in development of architecture models proportional to climate in each zone and rural housing outward appearance has formed proportional to them. Based on investigations that have been done in the region of study of housing units regarding to extent, form, shape and different spaces of each housing unit have been divided in three kinds of main spaces and the type of establishment and directional spaces are influenced by natural conditions that common model of space making in each of the zone in establishment of space model and choosing direction related to radiation and wind that get into shape. Also, materials and the type of construction materials that are used in housing fabric which is depending on natural environment and has a great support of native material. The role of the yard in every three zones in the organizing of spaces has been effective and common face of all the models. Also veranda in hillside and mountainous zones has a remarkable role between human and environment in outward appearance and fabric of some villages in aesthetics point of view and also in climatic has been significant. Some of the important materials that are used in housing are sun-dried brick, stone, brick and wood that have direct relation with regional native and geographic conditions. The other important point in rural architecture is the good interaction and the housing and influence of native and cultural characteristics of builders of buildings that shows their role in simplicity and clearness of spaces also the possibility of alternation and floating of activity in spaces and models could be seen. Product of this approach produces native architecture and harmony with climate that should be seen between human and nature and also can be found identicalness with architecture. 10005 Urban Design Criteria for Zero-Carbon Neighborhoods Lotfi Sahand Sholeh Mahsa Farmand Maryam Fattahi Kaveh 1 7 2016 6 1 80 92 24 04 2016 20 03 2016 Improving the quality of life has always been considered as one of the human purposes. “creating and maintaining balance between natural and built environment” has a significant role in improving the quality of life. Before industrial revolution, man and nature always was in balance but after formation of industrial revolution this balance was faded and lost ,over the years. This imbalance, reached the highest level in the second half of the last century. During the second half of the last century, the world’s urban population has increased tremendously. Migration to cities has primarily occurred, and will continue to happen, in the so-called less developed countries as the result of increased economic and social opportunities offered in urban areas and the degradation of rural economies and societies. The extremely rapid urbanization has led to extremely serious environmental, social, political, economic, institutional, demographic and cultural problems. The tremendous increase in the world’s population and in urbanization is the main reason for the continuous increase of energy demand and consumption in most countries. Building sector and transportation sector are the major consumers of energy in many cities. To responding energy demand of these sectors, the use of fossil fuel is rising. One of the consequences of this rising, is increasing pollutant like greenhouse gases. Increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is leading to climate change. According to IPCC report in 2014, GHG emission is the major cause of climate change. Climate change brought about by man-made emissions of greenhouse gases has been identified as the greatest challenge facing human society at the beginning of the twenty first century. Climate change, it is predicted, may potentially damage every natural and human system on the planet. Today, climate change is became as one of the most important concerns of scientific and political circles, so It is clear that urgent action is needed and that the scale and scope of such action will be hugely varied. At present, the main worldwide response to the threat of climate change is mitigation; especially the lowering of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across a variety of scales. The preponderance of scientific evidence suggests that climate change is caused and exacerbated by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and that lowering the amount of gas being emitted will limit climate change effects. An increasing amount of climate research now points to adaptation as a necessary means of addressing unavoidable climate change impacts. Adaptation to climate change refers to efforts to develop resilience to predicted or potential climate impacts and effects before and as they happen. In order to responding climate change- as the biggest crisis of this era- and achieving adaptation to climate change, proposing efforts and strategies in various disciplines is inevitable and unavoidable. Urban design and its strategies can have a key role to responding climate change impacts and achieve adaptation. But it is obvious that traditional urban design is not sufficient to responding this. A new paradigm is required to develop resilient cities that can adapt and thrive in changing global conditions, meet the requirements of carbon-reduction and other environmental measures, and sustain urban populations in more compact settings by providing amenities that people need and want. The scope and speed of current changes demands that urban designers define compelling visions and integrated design measures for shaping resilient cities. From energy and transportation to water and green infrastructure, urban designers can shape these systems to shrink our ecological footprint, configure resilient urban form and adapt our cities to climate change. A climate-resilient urban design strategy requires expanding traditional place-making urban design qualities to include principles of sustainable design such as resilience, comfort, resource efficiency, and biotic support. Today, resilience is one of the most important qualities that considered in urban design. There are various ways to achieve resiliency through urban design. Reducing CO2 emission is the most known and common way to achieve resiliency. In the past, efforts at reducing CO2 have focused primarily on building scale (low to zero-energy buildings). While there has been great progress in the energy efficient buildings over the past forty years, buildings alone do not include transportation and infrastructure systems (energy, water and waste) as part of the design process, so low-carbon urban design is considered as an inevitable necessity. Low-carbon urban design principles can be classified into sevencategories which are called as “seven rules of sustainable and low-carbon urban design”. These principles include: 1)restore streetcar city, 2)designing an interconnected street system, 3)locate commercial services, frequent transit, and school within a five-minute walk, 4)locate good jobs close to affordable homes, 5) provide a diversity of housing types, 6)create a linked system of natural areas and parks,7)invest in lighter, greener, cheaper, and smarter infrastructure. These principles represent the elements of a whole. Achieving one without the others – particularly if it is at the expense of the others – will be of limited value and could be counterproductive. Low-carbon urban design principles and strategies can be applied in different scales. Among the scales proposed for urban design, neighborhood is recognized as an appropriate scale for application of low to zero-carbon urban design strategies, because it aggregates all the systems and flows. It has the potential to integrate the design of transportation, buildings, infrastructures, landscape and land-use while engaging the design of public realm as part of the system. This article seeks to present the urban design criteria for low to zero-carbon neighborhood by exploring the studies and the best practices (in Freiburg, Hannover, Stockholm, Malmö and London) to create low to zero carbon neighborhoods. The result of the research is shown as urban design criteria which categorized by urban form and building typology, transportation and land-use, energy, landscape design and creativity. These criteria not only is in consistent with the low – carbon urban design principles, but also if these criteria are applied in an integrated way, we can expect creating a low to zero-carbon neighborhood; A neighborhood with qualities, such as local identity, inclusion, human scale, lower energy consumption, lower CO2 emissions and, most importantly, greater resilience.