<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE ArticleSet PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD PubMed 2.7//EN" "https://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/ncbi/pubmed/in/PubMed.dtd">
<ArticleSet>
<Article>
<Journal>
				<PublisherName>دانشگاه تربیت مدرس</PublisherName>
				<JournalTitle>نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی</JournalTitle>
				<Issn>2322-4991</Issn>
				<Volume>16</Volume>
				<Issue>1</Issue>
				<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
					<Year>2026</Year>
					<Month>04</Month>
					<Day>21</Day>
				</PubDate>
			</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>From Criteria to Construction: An Integrated Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model for Optimal Wall and Façade System Selection</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>از معیار تا ساخت: مدلی یکپارچه برای تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره در انتخاب بهینه سیستم‌های دیوار و نما</VernacularTitle>
			<FirstPage>57</FirstPage>
			<LastPage>74</LastPage>
			<ELocationID EIdType="pii">28173</ELocationID>
			
<ELocationID EIdType="doi">10.48311/bsnt.2025.117463.82891</ELocationID>
			
			<Language>FA</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
					<FirstName>حامد</FirstName>
					<LastName>کیخا</LastName>
<Affiliation>گروه مقاوم سازی و بازسازی سازه‌ها، پژوهشکده سوانح طبیعی، تهران، ایران.</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-9932-8118</Identifier>

</Author>
</AuthorList>
				<PublicationType>Journal Article</PublicationType>
			<History>
				<PubDate PubStatus="received">
					<Year>2025</Year>
					<Month>11</Month>
					<Day>03</Day>
				</PubDate>
			</History>
		<Abstract>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;Aims&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;: The selection of building envelope systems in Iranian construction is often subjective, lacking a systematic, evidence-based framework. This absence negatively impacts long-term building performance, cost efficiency, and overall sustainability. This research aims to develop a comprehensive Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) model for the systematic assessment and optimal selection of non-load-bearing wall and façade systems, specifically targeting mass housing projects.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;Methods&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;: This descriptive-analytical study identified 22 common systems and a comprehensive set of key evaluation criteria through extensive literature review and structured expert interviews. The relative importance (weights) of these criteria were quantified by professionals using a reliable Likert-scale questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.885 for walls, 0.884 for façades). A second detailed questionnaire evaluated the performance of each system against these weighted criteria, with the analysis also considering Iran’s three major climatic zones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;Findings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;: For wall systems, &quot;Nailability,&quot; &quot;Weight,&quot; and &quot;Enhancement of Space Efficiency&quot; were identified as the most critical criteria, with AAC wall panels and AAC blocks ranking as the top-performing options. For façade systems, &quot;Labor Cost,&quot; &quot;Physical Durability,&quot; and &quot;Material Cost&quot; were the highest-priority factors, favoring Precast Concrete Façades and Dry Stone Façades. Region-specific rankings and detailed insights for climate-responsive design were also generated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;: The primary outcomes are an adaptable analytical tool to help designers and managers select optimal system combinations based on project specifics, and a set of detailed executive drawings for the nine top-performing combinations. This research provides a structured, multi-criteria framework that enhances decision-making transparency, reduces subjectivity, and supports sustainable and cost-effective construction practices in Iran.&lt;/span&gt;</Abstract>
			<OtherAbstract Language="FA">&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;اهداف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;انتخاب سیستم‌های جداره ساختمان در ایران اغلب مبتنی بر قضاوت شخصی و فاقد چارچوب علمی و نظام‌مند است. هدف این پژوهش، توسعه یک مدل جامع تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt; (MCDM) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;برای ارزیابی سیستماتیک و انتخاب بهینه سیستم‌های دیوار غیرباربر و نما، با تمرکز ویژه بر نیازهای پروژه‌های انبوه‌سازی مسکن است&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;روش‌ها&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;در این مطالعه توصیفی-تحلیلی، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;۲۲&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt; سیستم رایج و معیارهای کلیدی ارزیابی (عملکردی، اقتصادی، محیطی، اجرایی و...) از طریق مرور دقیق اسناد و مصاحبه با خبرگان شناسایی شدند. سپس، معیارها توسط متخصصان صنعت ساختمان با استفاده از پرسشنامه لیکرت معتبر (آلفای کرونباخ: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;۰.۸۸۵&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt; برای دیوار و &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;۰.۸۸۴&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt; برای نما) وزن‌دهی شدند. پرسشنامه دوم، عملکرد هر سیستم را در برابر این معیارهای وز‌ن‌دار، با در نظر گرفتن سه منطقه اقلیمی اصلی ایران، به‌دقت ارزیابی کرد&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;یافته‌ها:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;در سیستم‌های دیوار، معیارهایی چون «قابلیت میخ‌پذیری»، «وزن» و «بهینه‌سازی فضا» به‌عنوان حیاتی‌ترین معیارها شناخته شدند و «پانل دیواری&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;AAC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;و «بلوک&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;AAC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;بالاترین رتبه را کسب کردند. در سیستم‌های نما، «هزینه اجرا»، «دوام فیزیکی» و «هزینه مصالح» مهم‌ترین عوامل بودند که منجر به برتری «نمای بتنی پیش‌ساخته» و «نمای سنگی با اجرای خشک» گردید. رتبه‌بندی‌های دقیق و مختص اقلیم نیز استخراج شد&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;نتیجه‌گیری&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;دستاوردهای اصلی این پژوهش شامل یک ابزار تحلیلی-مدیریتی انطباق‌پذیر مبتنی بر اکسل برای کمک به ذینفعان در انتخاب ترکیب بهینه سیستم بر اساس محدودیت‌های پروژه و اقلیم، و همچنین مجموعه‌ای از جزئیات اجرایی دقیق برای &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;&quot;&gt;۹&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Mitra&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt; ترکیب برتر است. این تحقیق، چارچوبی ساختاریافته فراهم می‌کند که ذهنیت‌گرایی را کاهش داده و از تصمیم‌گیری‌های پایدارتر و مقرون‌به‌صرفه‌تر در ساخت‌وساز ایران پشتیبانی می‌کند.&lt;/span&gt;</OtherAbstract>
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			<Param Name="value">سیستم‌های دیوار و نما</Param>
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