Tarbiat Modares University Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning 2322-4991 9 4 2020 02 20 An Analytical Approach to the Quality of Natural Light within the Vault of Sepahsalar Mosque (Shahid Motahari School) An Analytical Approach to the Quality of Natural Light within the Vault of Sepahsalar Mosque (Shahid Motahari School) 245 256 867 FA S.H. Tabibian Architecture Department, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran F. Habib Architecture Department, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran S.A. Garakani Architecture Department, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran Journal Article Natural light as the only source of light in historical buildings can play a crucial role in changing interior spaces. Iranian architects artistically directed the light beams to the interior and partitioned integrated spaces without using separation elements or materials. The main question of this study is how does sunlight create spaces within southern vault of the mosque by establishing a combination of light, shade, and darkness and what is the role of light is in spiritualization of the main altar of the mosque?. For this purpose, the light intensity was measured in the southern Shabestan and altar using devices and a 12-month light travel simulation was performed by DIALux evo 7.0 and the data were analyzed. The results show that luminance is the highest at noon prayer time every day in a year, promoting the spiritual space of the altar. Also, intensity of the light with aforementioned functions within the vault instead of using separation walls resulted in functional separation of the spaces. The difference of the present study with previous ones is the use of photometric devices and quantitative analysis of the light in order to reach an analytical approach and to explain the importance of divine light in mosques. Natural light as the only source of light in historical buildings can play a crucial role in changing interior spaces. Iranian architects artistically directed the light beams to the interior and partitioned integrated spaces without using separation elements or materials. The main question of this study is how does sunlight create spaces within southern vault of the mosque by establishing a combination of light, shade, and darkness and what is the role of light is in spiritualization of the main altar of the mosque?. For this purpose, the light intensity was measured in the southern Shabestan and altar using devices and a 12-month light travel simulation was performed by DIALux evo 7.0 and the data were analyzed. The results show that luminance is the highest at noon prayer time every day in a year, promoting the spiritual space of the altar. Also, intensity of the light with aforementioned functions within the vault instead of using separation walls resulted in functional separation of the spaces. The difference of the present study with previous ones is the use of photometric devices and quantitative analysis of the light in order to reach an analytical approach and to explain the importance of divine light in mosques.

https://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article_867_ede7e2b6d13a41ddf9f4bdef84fdc737.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning 2322-4991 9 4 2020 02 20 Impact of Building Porosity on Self-Shading and Absorbed Solar Heat Reduction in Hot and Humid Regions Impact of Building Porosity on Self-Shading and Absorbed Solar Heat Reduction in Hot and Humid Regions 257 271 868 FA E. Saligheh Architecture Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran P. Saadatjoo Architecture Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article Aims Today, the overwhelming consumption of energy has become one of the most critical concerns of human life. The implementation of solutions to reduce energy consumption in buildings is becoming increasingly important. One of the most important factors determining the amount of energy received by a building is the general form of a building and the amount of its porosity. Considering the self-shading as an efficient passive cooling solution in hot and humid regions, the present study investigates the effect of porosity on self-shading and heat absorption amount. Instruments & Methods The research method of this study is descriptive-analytical, and simulations are conducted by Ecotect 2011 to explore self-shading potential and the amount of received solar energy. Findings Investigations indicated that the modification of terrace depth does not influence the amount of received solar energy significantly. A comparative study of the porous models revealed that the U-RL models have the best and R-RL models have the worst performance from the viewpoint of self-shading and solar heat absorption. Conclusion The implementation of porosity into the solid models does not always improve the shading potential. Optimization of building self-shading depends on the comprehensive study and essential simulations that subsequence the design period. Aims Today, the overwhelming consumption of energy has become one of the most critical concerns of human life. The implementation of solutions to reduce energy consumption in buildings is becoming increasingly important. One of the most important factors determining the amount of energy received by a building is the general form of a building and the amount of its porosity. Considering the self-shading as an efficient passive cooling solution in hot and humid regions, the present study investigates the effect of porosity on self-shading and heat absorption amount. Instruments & Methods The research method of this study is descriptive-analytical, and simulations are conducted by Ecotect 2011 to explore self-shading potential and the amount of received solar energy. Findings Investigations indicated that the modification of terrace depth does not influence the amount of received solar energy significantly. A comparative study of the porous models revealed that the U-RL models have the best and R-RL models have the worst performance from the viewpoint of self-shading and solar heat absorption. Conclusion The implementation of porosity into the solid models does not always improve the shading potential. Optimization of building self-shading depends on the comprehensive study and essential simulations that subsequence the design period.

https://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article_868_dd45045f8c68db9f54e70c67048d32e8.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning 2322-4991 9 4 2020 02 20 The Use of the Holy Quran Tunes in the Production of Geometrical Decoration for Iranian Architecture Based on the Parametric Architecture The Use of the Holy Quran Tunes in the Production of Geometrical Decoration for Iranian Architecture Based on the Parametric Architecture 273 286 869 FA M. Zandieh Architecture Department, Architecture & Urbanism Faculty, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran E. Ronagh Architecture Department, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Journal Article Problem Decorative and geometrical experiences are an integral part of Iranian art and traditional architecture in the Islamic era, which has provoked the acclaim of many pundits in this area. One of the challenges of contemporary Islamic architecture is the lack of discourse between traditional and modern approaches to create geometry and new forms. Aims The purpose of this study will be to produce 3D geometric decoration based on the principles of Gestalt aesthetics so that these forms will be shaped by sound frequencies resulting from the reading of the Quran at the different tunes. Methods To achieve the desired goals through library and field studies, firstly, recognition and classification of the Quran tunes, then examining the relationship between parametric architecture and music, has been used to analyze them from descriptive-analytical research methods. Then, the modeling methods and pattern deformation based on the principles of Gestalt aesthetics have been studied. Finally, three-dimensional geometric patterns are mapped into a computer simulation method with Rhino software and Grasshopper plugin based on audio input from the Quran. The result of this study indicated that the mathematical relationship between parametric architecture and Iranian music can be used to create unique dimensional shells, coordinate with valuable features of context-based architecture, Conclusion Mathematical language can be used as a link between parametric architecture and musical tunes used in the reading of the Quran. Also, 3D shells which are produced with the Islamic architecture approach can play an applied role in the beautification of the urban highways. Problem Decorative and geometrical experiences are an integral part of Iranian art and traditional architecture in the Islamic era, which has provoked the acclaim of many pundits in this area. One of the challenges of contemporary Islamic architecture is the lack of discourse between traditional and modern approaches to create geometry and new forms. Aims The purpose of this study will be to produce 3D geometric decoration based on the principles of Gestalt aesthetics so that these forms will be shaped by sound frequencies resulting from the reading of the Quran at the different tunes. Methods To achieve the desired goals through library and field studies, firstly, recognition and classification of the Quran tunes, then examining the relationship between parametric architecture and music, has been used to analyze them from descriptive-analytical research methods. Then, the modeling methods and pattern deformation based on the principles of Gestalt aesthetics have been studied. Finally, three-dimensional geometric patterns are mapped into a computer simulation method with Rhino software and Grasshopper plugin based on audio input from the Quran. The result of this study indicated that the mathematical relationship between parametric architecture and Iranian music can be used to create unique dimensional shells, coordinate with valuable features of context-based architecture, Conclusion Mathematical language can be used as a link between parametric architecture and musical tunes used in the reading of the Quran. Also, 3D shells which are produced with the Islamic architecture approach can play an applied role in the beautification of the urban highways.

https://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article_869_49c9adb18e44be0711a94e827042f630.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning 2322-4991 9 4 2020 02 20 Acoustic Vitality Evaluation in Urban Public Spaces (Case Study: Darvazeh Isfahan, Shiraz, Iran) Acoustic Vitality Evaluation in Urban Public Spaces (Case Study: Darvazeh Isfahan, Shiraz, Iran) 287 304 870 FA P. Najafi Urban Planning & Design Department, School of Art & Architecture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran S. Lotfi Urban Planning & Design Department, School of Art & Architecture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran A. Soltani Urban Planning & Design Department, School of Art & Architecture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran M. Sholeh Urban Planning & Design Department, School of Art & Architecture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Journal Article Aims: The present study aims to measure the perceptual quality of sound in the case study of “Darvazeh Isfahan” of Shiraz (a public urban space) in two objective and subjective dimensions. Participants & Methods: The study method in objective analysis is using acoustic simulation software and measurement of five acoustic components and characteristics of sound including sound pressure level (SPL), sound clarity (C), and sound transmission index (STI). Mental dimension analysis was conducted through direct interviews with people in the space during the day, at three intervals in the morning, noon and afternoon. In the interview process, interviewees were asked to respond to the three components of voice information, voice perception, and auditory rating. Simultaneously, the audio content of the study area was recorded using a calibrated voice recorder. Findings: The results of the analysis in objective dimension indicate the lack of space acoustic transparency in the contextual and background noise measurement components. Although the audio quality of the sound is normal at all three intervals, in some cases the sound intensity level is poor. The direct sound transmission index is in normal condition. On the subjective side, different audio content was heard over three intervals. In the morning, interviewees identified the buzzing, motorcycling, walking and talking. At noon, in addition to the audio content mentioned, the sound of music was also heard. In the afternoon, motorcycles, cars, and people’s conversations were the main audio content of the space. Conclusion: Through overlaying the objective and subjective analysis, it has identified the subareas of the study space that have difficulty in perceiving the quality of sound. In summary, location-based urban design solutions for improving perceptual sound quality under problem areas are presented. Despite the fact that the present study might be restricted to a urban space in Shiraz, the findings could impart fruitful information for implicating appropriate acoustic vitality guidelines in urban public spaces. Aims: The present study aims to measure the perceptual quality of sound in the case study of “Darvazeh Isfahan” of Shiraz (a public urban space) in two objective and subjective dimensions. Participants & Methods: The study method in objective analysis is using acoustic simulation software and measurement of five acoustic components and characteristics of sound including sound pressure level (SPL), sound clarity (C), and sound transmission index (STI). Mental dimension analysis was conducted through direct interviews with people in the space during the day, at three intervals in the morning, noon and afternoon. In the interview process, interviewees were asked to respond to the three components of voice information, voice perception, and auditory rating. Simultaneously, the audio content of the study area was recorded using a calibrated voice recorder. Findings: The results of the analysis in objective dimension indicate the lack of space acoustic transparency in the contextual and background noise measurement components. Although the audio quality of the sound is normal at all three intervals, in some cases the sound intensity level is poor. The direct sound transmission index is in normal condition. On the subjective side, different audio content was heard over three intervals. In the morning, interviewees identified the buzzing, motorcycling, walking and talking. At noon, in addition to the audio content mentioned, the sound of music was also heard. In the afternoon, motorcycles, cars, and people’s conversations were the main audio content of the space. Conclusion: Through overlaying the objective and subjective analysis, it has identified the subareas of the study space that have difficulty in perceiving the quality of sound. In summary, location-based urban design solutions for improving perceptual sound quality under problem areas are presented. Despite the fact that the present study might be restricted to a urban space in Shiraz, the findings could impart fruitful information for implicating appropriate acoustic vitality guidelines in urban public spaces.

https://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article_870_22fb0cee7e1f3bde58293de743871417.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning 2322-4991 9 4 2020 02 20 Formulating the Criteria and Indexes for Valuation of Cultural Services of Natural Ecosystems on the Basis of Endemic Characteristics of Iran Formulating the Criteria and Indexes for Valuation of Cultural Services of Natural Ecosystems on the Basis of Endemic Characteristics of Iran 305 312 871 FA M. Moshari Environment Faculty, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran A. Sepehri Faculty of Natural Resources, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran H. Barani Faculty of Natural Resources, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran A. Danehkar College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article The natural environment is one of the most valuable properties of the human being, but its real cost has not been recognized yet. Therefore, the valuation of natural ecosystems that provide various social, cultural and environmental services to urban fabric collections has received special attention in recent years. In this study, after a review of valuation systems of cultural services in several countries, as well as exploratory interviews with relevant experts and researchers in Iran, some criteria, sub-criteria, and indicators for valuing cultural services have been suggested by applying Delphi method. After studying the available resources and reviewing the interviews 5 main indexes with 17 sub-indexes and 56 indicators were extracted and introduced for evaluation of cultural services of natural ecosystems. Five main indexes include aesthetic, outgoing, cultural, spiritual, and education. These indexes have sub-indexes named diversity of perspectives, natural life, specific species and protection significance for the aesthetic index. An outgoing index has two sub-indexes namely natural parks and entertainment facilities. Cultural indexes have five sub-indexes namely historical sites, cultural heritage, nature as an intuition source for an artistic activities, religious locations, and cultural occurrences. A spiritual index has only one sub-indexes named religious beliefs. Eventually, education index has five sub-indexes namely knowledge about an ecosystem, traditional knowledge, knowledge management, knowledge of stakeholders and experiencing nature. It is possible to identify criteria and indicators and match them with cultural values in planning. The natural environment is one of the most valuable properties of the human being, but its real cost has not been recognized yet. Therefore, the valuation of natural ecosystems that provide various social, cultural and environmental services to urban fabric collections has received special attention in recent years. In this study, after a review of valuation systems of cultural services in several countries, as well as exploratory interviews with relevant experts and researchers in Iran, some criteria, sub-criteria, and indicators for valuing cultural services have been suggested by applying Delphi method. After studying the available resources and reviewing the interviews 5 main indexes with 17 sub-indexes and 56 indicators were extracted and introduced for evaluation of cultural services of natural ecosystems. Five main indexes include aesthetic, outgoing, cultural, spiritual, and education. These indexes have sub-indexes named diversity of perspectives, natural life, specific species and protection significance for the aesthetic index. An outgoing index has two sub-indexes namely natural parks and entertainment facilities. Cultural indexes have five sub-indexes namely historical sites, cultural heritage, nature as an intuition source for an artistic activities, religious locations, and cultural occurrences. A spiritual index has only one sub-indexes named religious beliefs. Eventually, education index has five sub-indexes namely knowledge about an ecosystem, traditional knowledge, knowledge management, knowledge of stakeholders and experiencing nature. It is possible to identify criteria and indicators and match them with cultural values in planning.

https://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article_871_aeb3135b436aa55373822c010763dd54.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning 2322-4991 9 4 2020 02 20 Investigating the Relationship between Smart Growth Parameters and the Theory of Space Syntax in a Variety of Urban Contexts (Case study: Bojnourd) Investigating the Relationship between Smart Growth Parameters and the Theory of Space Syntax in a Variety of Urban Contexts (Case study: Bojnourd) 313 322 872 FA F. Roozkhosh Urban Planning and Design Department, Art and Architecture Faculty, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran M. Moulavi Urban Planning and Design Department, Art and Architecture Faculty, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran A. Salaripour Urban Planning and Design Department, Art and Architecture Faculty, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran Journal Article As time goes on and cities expand, various issues, such as traffic problems, noise and air pollution, urban sprawling, land use incompatibility, and so on, are plaguing urban managers. Sustainable development is one of the methods that tries to improve the current problems of cities by relying on minimal use of resources. One component of this model is smart growth, which claims to be consistent with the principles of sustainability. This paper attempts to explore the relationship between these indicators by examining the main parameters of smart growth and its adaptation to the components of spatial arrangement theory in three urban contexts in Bojnourd. In this regard, three main components of smart growth (pedestrian capability, user mixing and public transport) in these contexts have been investigated using TOPSIS and ANP methods. UCL Depthmap software has also been used to analyze space syntax indices. This research was a developmental one and observational methods, questionnaires and libraries were used for data collection. The results indicate that walk-ability and mixed land use indices in the three investigated contexts were affected by the connectivity and integration of passages. However, in the study of public transport accessibility index, the impact of these indices has not been seen. As time goes on and cities expand, various issues, such as traffic problems, noise and air pollution, urban sprawling, land use incompatibility, and so on, are plaguing urban managers. Sustainable development is one of the methods that tries to improve the current problems of cities by relying on minimal use of resources. One component of this model is smart growth, which claims to be consistent with the principles of sustainability. This paper attempts to explore the relationship between these indicators by examining the main parameters of smart growth and its adaptation to the components of spatial arrangement theory in three urban contexts in Bojnourd. In this regard, three main components of smart growth (pedestrian capability, user mixing and public transport) in these contexts have been investigated using TOPSIS and ANP methods. UCL Depthmap software has also been used to analyze space syntax indices. This research was a developmental one and observational methods, questionnaires and libraries were used for data collection. The results indicate that walk-ability and mixed land use indices in the three investigated contexts were affected by the connectivity and integration of passages. However, in the study of public transport accessibility index, the impact of these indices has not been seen.

https://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article_872_43feaeeecd7b2fe2ae2e26d917b6477d.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning 2322-4991 9 4 2020 02 20 The Impact of New Technologies on Quality of Lighting in the Historical and Cultural Areas (Case: Tehran, Si-e Tir Street) The Impact of New Technologies on Quality of Lighting in the Historical and Cultural Areas (Case: Tehran, Si-e Tir Street) 323 334 873 FA Z.S. Ayatollahi Tabatabaei Urban Planning Department, Art Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran S.A. ُSafavi Urban Planning Department, Art Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article Aims: Lighting cultural-historical areas is one of the factors enhancing nightlife identity and sense of place in cities. However, it should be noted that in any lighting scheme, the use of optimum light sources and the use of appropriate optical techniques can lead to higher quality, energy efficiency, tourist attraction and economic savings for the city. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of modern technologies on the quality of lighting in historical and cultural areas. To achieve this goal, it is very helpful to achieve an optimal pattern of lighting using modern equipment. Instruments & Methods: Firstly, using descriptive-analytical methods and library studies, lighting documents and successful internal and external experiences, important criteria for lighting cultural-historical areas have been extracted. These criteria are then prioritized and scored by experts. In addition, Dialux 4.13 software has been used to model the street lighting of Si-e Tir Street in Tehran, in order to measure the variables of light intensity and color temperature in different states. Finally, each of these modes was evaluated by Delphi method and in-depth interviews with experts. Findings: The mode of use of LED lights with a color temperature of 4000K was chosen, so that the optimum brightness was higher than the background. Conclusion: The software output also uses 250-watt mercury vapor lamps to illuminate the sidewalks and sidewalks of the street, mounted on 7-meter bases at a distance of 26 meters from each other and illuminated at a 5-degree angle to the street surface. Aims: Lighting cultural-historical areas is one of the factors enhancing nightlife identity and sense of place in cities. However, it should be noted that in any lighting scheme, the use of optimum light sources and the use of appropriate optical techniques can lead to higher quality, energy efficiency, tourist attraction and economic savings for the city. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of modern technologies on the quality of lighting in historical and cultural areas. To achieve this goal, it is very helpful to achieve an optimal pattern of lighting using modern equipment. Instruments & Methods: Firstly, using descriptive-analytical methods and library studies, lighting documents and successful internal and external experiences, important criteria for lighting cultural-historical areas have been extracted. These criteria are then prioritized and scored by experts. In addition, Dialux 4.13 software has been used to model the street lighting of Si-e Tir Street in Tehran, in order to measure the variables of light intensity and color temperature in different states. Finally, each of these modes was evaluated by Delphi method and in-depth interviews with experts. Findings: The mode of use of LED lights with a color temperature of 4000K was chosen, so that the optimum brightness was higher than the background. Conclusion: The software output also uses 250-watt mercury vapor lamps to illuminate the sidewalks and sidewalks of the street, mounted on 7-meter bases at a distance of 26 meters from each other and illuminated at a 5-degree angle to the street surface.

https://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article_873_98d6f58ab0dafbb86b083a001561bb34.pdf