Tarbiat Modares University Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning 2322-4991 16 2 2026 07 23 Exploring the Flexibility of Open and Enclosed Spaces in Elementary Schools; Case Studies: Jadgal and Noor‑al‑Mobin Exploring the Flexibility of Open and Enclosed Spaces in Elementary Schools; Case Studies: Jadgal and Noor‑al‑Mobin 1 22 28172 10.48311/bsnt.2026.117311.82889 FA Amirhossein Nadalizadeh Ghanad Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Bemanian Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-8284-7130 Journal Article 2025 10 28 Aims: Literature review shows that insufficient attention to the role of functional open spaces in Iranian primary schools has led to a significant portion of their educational and developmental potential being overlooked. This study aims to clarify how open and enclosed areas are organized in primary schools, with an emphasis on the concept of spatial flexibility, and to examine its impact on enhancing the quality of the educational environment and promoting social interactions. Methods: The research is based on logical reasoning and a descriptive-analytical approach. In the first stage, relevant theoretical foundations were collected through library studies and the main indicators of spatial flexibility were extracted. In the second stage, two case studies including Noor al-Mobin Elementary School in Semnan and Jadgal Elementary School in Chabahar were analyzed and compared using a comparative approach and based on the obtained indicators. Findings: By utilizing different scales of flexibility in integrating open and enclosed areas, the quality of the educational environment was enhanced, and the influence of each indicator and its spatial implications was thoroughly examined within the case studies. Conclusion: The analysis demonstrated that spatial flexibility in the relationship between open and enclosed areas plays a key role in improving the quality of the educational environment. Observing principles of spatial continuity, functional diversity, and climatic adaptation fosters a dynamic and adaptable setting aligned with students’ behavioral and climatic needs. Moreover, flexibility-based design can serve as an effective strategy for revitalizing school environments and achieving sustainable, human-centered learning spaces overall. Aims: Literature review shows that insufficient attention to the role of functional open spaces in Iranian primary schools has led to a significant portion of their educational and developmental potential being overlooked. This study aims to clarify how open and enclosed areas are organized in primary schools, with an emphasis on the concept of spatial flexibility, and to examine its impact on enhancing the quality of the educational environment and promoting social interactions. Methods: The research is based on logical reasoning and a descriptive-analytical approach. In the first stage, relevant theoretical foundations were collected through library studies and the main indicators of spatial flexibility were extracted. In the second stage, two case studies including Noor al-Mobin Elementary School in Semnan and Jadgal Elementary School in Chabahar were analyzed and compared using a comparative approach and based on the obtained indicators. Findings: By utilizing different scales of flexibility in integrating open and enclosed areas, the quality of the educational environment was enhanced, and the influence of each indicator and its spatial implications was thoroughly examined within the case studies. Conclusion: The analysis demonstrated that spatial flexibility in the relationship between open and enclosed areas plays a key role in improving the quality of the educational environment. Observing principles of spatial continuity, functional diversity, and climatic adaptation fosters a dynamic and adaptable setting aligned with students’ behavioral and climatic needs. Moreover, flexibility-based design can serve as an effective strategy for revitalizing school environments and achieving sustainable, human-centered learning spaces overall.

https://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article_28172_0b22d776d04ec3700b711ed6677895dd.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning 2322-4991 16 2 2025 07 23 The Role of Digital Technologies in Sustainable Rehabilitation of Cultural Heritages; Case Study: Sheikh Amin al-Din Jebrail Mausoleum in Ardabil The Role of Digital Technologies in Sustainable Rehabilitation of Cultural Heritages; Case Study: Sheikh Amin al-Din Jebrail Mausoleum in Ardabil 23 46 28204 10.48311/bsnt.2026.116904.82883 FA Mahdi Motamedmanesh Department of Architecture, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University 0000-0001-9799-0562 Salar Fasahati Department of Architecture, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University Mansoor Yeganeh Department of Architecture, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University 0000-0002-6286-3878 Journal Article 2025 10 11 Aims: By proposing a novel integrative model for sustainable heritage conservation, this study transcends conventional technological applications. Its objective is the transformation of a marginalized heritage asset into an interactive digital-physical platform. The key innovation resides in an operational framework that synthesizes Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality technologies within the strict framework of international conservation charters, thereby reconciling the traditional dichotomy between static preservation and economic development. Methods: A mixed-method strategy was adopted, comprising archival enquiry, a critical appraisal of international conservation charters, and on-site surveys. The investigation was designed to interrogate legal, technical and spatial constraints, and to formulate design strategies consonant with global heritage standards. Findings: Virtual reality affords the possibility of reconstructing demolished monuments or otherwise inaccessible artefacts, whilst safeguarding the material authenticity of the historic fabric and simultaneously enhancing the user’s engagement with the heritage environment. The proposed hybrid museum integrates virtual, augmented, and mixed reality technologies in order to deliver interactive reconstructions, pedagogical simulations, and digitally curated exhibitions. Such an integration not only enriches the visitor experience but also provides a substantive response to the constraints imposed by stringent conservation frameworks. Conclusion: Digital technologies should be regarded not merely as ancillary tools but as a holistic strategy capable of reconfiguring the traditional dichotomy between static conservation and economic development. By transforming the mausoleum into an interactive digital platform, the study demonstrates a replicable model for the safeguarding of underrepresented heritage sites, while simultaneously advancing cultural tourism and supporting sustainable heritage management. Aims: By proposing a novel integrative model for sustainable heritage conservation, this study transcends conventional technological applications. Its objective is the transformation of a marginalized heritage asset into an interactive digital-physical platform. The key innovation resides in an operational framework that synthesizes Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality technologies within the strict framework of international conservation charters, thereby reconciling the traditional dichotomy between static preservation and economic development. Methods: A mixed-method strategy was adopted, comprising archival enquiry, a critical appraisal of international conservation charters, and on-site surveys. The investigation was designed to interrogate legal, technical and spatial constraints, and to formulate design strategies consonant with global heritage standards. Findings: Virtual reality affords the possibility of reconstructing demolished monuments or otherwise inaccessible artefacts, whilst safeguarding the material authenticity of the historic fabric and simultaneously enhancing the user’s engagement with the heritage environment. The proposed hybrid museum integrates virtual, augmented, and mixed reality technologies in order to deliver interactive reconstructions, pedagogical simulations, and digitally curated exhibitions. Such an integration not only enriches the visitor experience but also provides a substantive response to the constraints imposed by stringent conservation frameworks. Conclusion: Digital technologies should be regarded not merely as ancillary tools but as a holistic strategy capable of reconfiguring the traditional dichotomy between static conservation and economic development. By transforming the mausoleum into an interactive digital platform, the study demonstrates a replicable model for the safeguarding of underrepresented heritage sites, while simultaneously advancing cultural tourism and supporting sustainable heritage management.

https://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article_28204_ecbc7b96b9ec7951187d0da02230773d.pdf