| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Introduction Now a days, social-spatial segregation becomes a remarkable subject in towns particularly in metropolitans. Economic, social, political and physical factors are such factors which contribute the creation and fortification of social-spatial segregation in neighborhood of metropolitans. In this article has been tried to recognize the effective factors of social-spatial segregation and study these factors in 8th region of Tehran specially in Fadak and Kerman neighborhood. Hence, the studies about segregation have been surveyed at first. By resorting the related theories and studies, applied indices for calculating the amount of segregation have been defined. Collected data has been applied in SPSS software and by utilizing the Factor Analysis technic, has been reduced to two fundamental factors. Thereafter, the Excel export in GIS software has been attached to the map. At the end, Kerman and Fadak neighborhood have been issued as sample and their amount of segregation has been calculated for them. Literature Review Spatial-social segregation is one of the fundamental subjects of urban sociologists. Chicago school is one the important schools of urban sociology. This school pays attention to urban ecology criteria. People like Park, Burgess, and Wirth are apostles of this school. This school has divided the ecology stages into five stages. 1. Concentration 2. Centralization 3. Invasion 4. Segregation 5. Succession. Thus, spatial (physical) Segregation is one of the ecological stages and it means the compulsory or optional tendency of different social groups to physical separation from each other in various proper occasions of life (Afroogh, 1377, 243). At the end the spatial segregation leads to social segregation. The original cause is the fundamental role of spatial segregation in social relations. The relevant Arguments that have been issued, about segregation, each one states a theory that can be used to make clear the concept of social-spatial integration. In the first place, most of impressive authors of this field, accost this issue as a natural (Park, 1926) or inevitable phenomenon (Gans, 1994). Therefore, there are various opinions about spatial segregation and each theoretician accentuated on a special factor. The theories related to spatial-social segregation have been sorted based on their impressive factors, as follow. Methodology The Quantitative Methods has been applied in this essay. Hence, the questioning technique has been used for collecting the data and the SPSS software has been applied for analyzing the data. Collecting data has been collected by questionnaire and statics center and applied to SPSS software. In this study, the dependent variable is the amount of spatial-social segregation and the independent variable contains the items below: - Individual-familial characteristics: householder age, Family size, level of education, career, job position, religion, originality, racial character, sense of social development of householder in the future and amount of income. - Sense of place: the amount of interest into residential area and Duration of stay in the neighborhood. - Housing system: access to bank credits to purchase a house, amount of tendency to current house, The price of land and housing, amount of empty houses, quality and antiquity of house, residential density, type of ownership of property. - Physical factors: type of accesses to important land uses, distribution of land uses in the neighborhood, residents’ satisfaction amount about land uses distribution and their accesses, spatial justice and etc. In this essay, to study the critical factors of segregation in Fadak and Kerman neighborhood, Factor Analysis technique has been applied. Hence, all data have been assimilated through free-scale techniques. Then Factor Analysis technique has been applied. Afterward the segregation amount of issued sample has been calculated by Geo Segregation Analyzer. Results By using Factor Analysis technique, all factors are declined into two factors which explain 52 percent of variances. First factor has made the 36.75% of variance of index set, clear. Next factor has made clear the 14.67% of variance of indexes, as well. According to the obtained results from Geo Segregation Analyzer software it could be understood that the amount of spatial-social segregation of this sample is low, and these two neighborhoods are alike in terms of social, economic, physical factors. Results By using Factor Analysis technique, all factors are declined into two factors which explain 52 percent of variances. First factor has made the 36.75% of variance of index set, clear. Next factor has made clear the 14.67% of variance of indexes, as well. According to the obtained results from Geo Segregation Analyzer software it could be understood that the amount of spatial-social segregation of this sample is low, and these two neighborhoods are alike in terms of social, economic, physical factors. Results By using Factor Analysis technique, all factors are declined into two factors which explain 52 percent of variances. First factor has made the 36.75% of variance of index set, clear. Next factor has made clear the 14.67% of variance of indexes, as well. According to the obtained results from Geo Segregation Analyzer software it could be understood that the amount of spatial-social segregation of this sample is low, and these two neighborhoods are alike in terms of social, economic, physical factors. Discussion & Conclusion By surveying the early studies and the theories of theoreticians, we can declare that social segregation evolve by two phase compulsory and optional. Social groups generally contain their own particular conditions in terms of racial and national character, religion and beliefs. Result of this case in terms of various minorities, leads to creation of separated neighborhoods from the town and increase the amount of segregation in cities (Shieh, 2010, 201) and the other factors are the families’ income. The income of families are effective on choosing the proper house. The income of families in terms of using infrastructural facilities and settlement in separated neighborhoods results in social segregation (Shieh, 2010, 197). Both of this cases could be categorized as optional segregation. But in compulsory segregation governors and urban managers strengthen the social inequalities, according to imposed politics and people will be pushed to special neighborhood. The problems were multiplied when residents tend to segregation. If spatial and physical segregation leads to a complete separation of whole groups and stratums. The intergroup contacts and relationship will increase and on the other hand external relationship will decrease. Hence, social participation will be disordered and a local, limited culture will be replaced. The result of this phenomenon is polarization of social space of neighborhood. Even the residents will prevent to communicate with other neighborhoods in many different ways. The consequence of such behavior are moral and social relations, corporative culture and ahead, arise of social distance and growth of passive and subordinate culture. (Azam Azadeh, 2012). If there is no exterior contact between neighborhoods, social participation will be disrupted and managing of such city will be strongly difficult. Thus, we should try to decrease the amount of social-spatial segregation in urban neighborhoods. According to latest studies of mentioned case studies it could be concluded that segregation has not happened in these two neighborhoods and they are socially, economically and physically similar and the residents have had a lot of communications with each other since past time. Keywords: Social-Spatial Segregation, GIS, Geo Segregation Analyzer Software, Factor Analyze Technic, Fadak & Kerman Neighborhoods |
