The city entrances are the first space that inspire entry into each city and should represent the physical, cultural, social, and historical features of the city and have an effective role in redefining the features of the city from a variety of aspects. Today, the entrance of cities has become to turbulent surroundings with incompatible uses with the urban environment, and its perceptual and environmental quality have fallen sharply since ancient times, and it does not meet expectations of the entrance of cities as a legible, consistent, identity creator, and memorable space. However, attention to the industrial heritage located in the hierarchy of the main entrance of most cities can play an important role in understanding the values, important historical, cultural, and economic dimensions of the region, especially its architectural identity, and enhance the qualitative features of these entrances. This research is an attempt to bring about the creation of an appropriate quality space at the entry of cities by recounting and paying attention to this important space and identity that has long been neglected. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical. In the process of research, the entrances of Hamedan based on the role of industrial heritage (brick burners) in improving the qualitative characteristics (functional, aesthetic, and environmental) of the hierarchy of these areas are separated. The results show that this valuable industrial heritage plays an effective and indisputable role in the identity of Hamedan, and the more we move from the external domain of the entrance to the inner sphere, the greater the effect of this legacy will be.

Due to repeated earthquakes and the political events of Iran, significant changes are seen in the urban areas of Tabriz during the first Pahlavi period. Along with the introduction of new construction technologies and creation of new structures and their governing ideas, industrial and factory architecture was formed. Due to neighborhood with the Russian and Ottoman states and the presence of German and Polish engineers, Tabriz underwent the formation of industrial buildings in various parts of the city. The present study aimed at recognizing the architectural pattern of industrial factory in Tabriz during the first Pahlavi period. Hence, it sought to answer the following question: What is the architectural pattern of the factories in Tabriz and its potential values and capabilities in Pahlavi era?, The research methodology is a combination of field study, historical-interpretative, and analytical-descriptive methods. The data collection is based on library resources and it is founded on researchers’ analysis and inference; in terms of purpose and application of results, this study is categorized as applied research. The sample included Tabriz Hide Production Factory, Khosravi Leather Factory, Haj Abolghasem Javan, and Pashmineh Tabriz Factory. The results of the study indicated that the architectural pattern of Pahlavi’s industrial factories is simple and without complexity and has similar characteristics, such as quadrangular plans, brick facades with brick frames, gable roofs, using wooden and metal truss as well as a load-bearing wall with barrel-vault, using stringcourse and brick decoration in the facades.

The present study was conducted with the aim of presenting the pattern of Islamic Iranian city to respond to human needs from the perspective of Islam. The most important instruments for collecting the required data in this research were the library research method and questionnaire. The planning approach emphasized by the proposed pattern was sustainable urban development using the participatory planning approach, and the study approach of the pattern was the epistemic approach. In this way, given the importance of humans, this study explored humanity from the Islamic perspective and considering the various existential dimensions of humans, Islamic city is formed based on the physical and spiritual needs of humans in four types of bio-based, recreation-based, culture-based, and meaning-based needs. Then, for the purpose of the optimal realization of each mentioned quadruple needs of humans, the most important content principles of Islamic cities were introduced as justice, neighbourhood-based, mosque-based, avoidance of disturbance, privacy, beauty, and communication with nature. On the other hand, in this pattern, the aims of the viable city were considered as the theoretical basis, but instead of emphasizing the lower layers (physical needs), the emphasis was placed on accurate planning and maximal growth in supplying the higher layers (spiritual needs) of the human under the title of growable city. The pattern also emphasized two potential areas of the self that to flourishing the higher layers, the first two areas should only be answered according to the necessity. Indeed, the main purpose of this pattern was to providing background and warning for accurate planning and maximum growth in layers three and four (culture-based and spiritual-based) that is the main purpose of human definition. The most important point emphasized in a growable city is the attention to the fourth dimension (meaning-based).

Aims: Numerous environmental problems indicate the need to change the current practice in construction waste. However, the high potential of recycling-based solutions can increase the efficiency of energy consumption and reduce waste production rates and provide an effective step towards sustainable development from a macro perspective. Unfortunately, recycling in today's architecture is neglected. The purpose of the present study is to identify the roots and investigate its theoretical origins among Iranians and in Iranian-Islamic thought.
Participants & Methods: This study is a qualitative study conducted based on the grounded theory approach. The method of data collection is field study and the tool is the interview.
Findings: The continuity of recycling and its successful records in Iranian architecture show the strong roots of this issue in the Iranian-Islamic beliefs. Religious thoughts on the one hand, and cultural values and norms, on the other hand, represent recycling as a viable and principled strategy in Iranian architectural legacy. In this study, researchers investigated reverence and sanctity of nature, along with the social responsibility for the Muslim individual as the origins of recycling from the religious aspect of beliefs and deep connection with nature, and minimalism in life-style as cultural fundamental factors for utilizing recycling strategies in architecture.
Conclusion: It seems that the way to revive recycling in the modern architecture of Iran cannot be reached unless recognizing the roots and identifying the value of recycling through its history in Iranian architecture. It is hoped that studies of this kind will help to implement recycling in Iran's future architecture.
 

At present, the principles and patterns of mosque shaping and its symbolic look have been forgotten, especially at the level of neighbourhood mosques. Since the restoration of Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban identity is one of the tasks of contemporary architects and urban planners, therefore, the purpose of the present study was identifying features, principles and values existing and influenced by Islamic verses and hadiths in mosques architecture and urban planning, as well as adapting them to the needs of the contemporary period and modelling the values of beyond place and time mosques. In the present study, a survey method had been designed to investigate the effect of sensory perception models on satisfaction and desirability increase in neighbourhood mosques of Qazvin City. After explaining the models and components of sensory perception, the criteria for effective assessment of satisfaction increase in mosques were extracted and the questionnaire was adjusted according to the Likert spectrum, and structural equation modelling (SEM) method analyzed the relationships between variables and their impact. The findings of the study show that there is a significant relationship between the components of sensory perception and satisfaction in neighbourhood mosques, in which the impact of cultural indicators and social system existing in the neighbourhood was more than other indicators. As a result, observing the sensory patterns in the design of the mosque's constituent elements increases the spatial utility, which creates and reinforces adaptive sensory architecture patterns in religious space and increases the motivation of worshipers to continue attending neighbourhood mosques.
 

Islamic art patterns have both visual beauty and symbolic values. Islamic art with its sublime wisdom in its symbolization has lots of possibilities that the most important tool of it, is geometry, but between the Islamic decorative motifs, the animal patterns are less visible. It seems the little presence of this figure in among of Islamic decorative motifs shows symbolism trend that points to special concept. In Roshan Abad building, figures like fish and bird attract attention and it seems are designed based on special concepts. Thus, in the present study, it is tried to study the symbolism of decorative motifs based on Islamic wisdom.
This study is descriptive-historical research and qualitatively analyzes the research information, direct observations, as well as library research are also used for data gathering.
According to the results of the present study, it seems reflection of Shia and mystical ideas as symbols that insinuate to concepts like pontificate and guidance, is the most voucher in decorations of Roshan Abad building.

Aims: Numerous articles and books on the concept of "Islamic city" have been written by Muslim scholars and western orientalists over the past decades. Some scholars have indicated that the concept of an Islamic city is not appropriate with the requirements of contemporary times and on the other hand, some scholars argue that there is a need for more attention. The aim of this study in the first step was to classify and analyze different readings of Islamic city and it was rethinking the definition based on the requirements of contemporary times in the second step.
Instruments & Methods: The present study is descriptive-analytical and exploratory research. Data collection was conducted using library studies and depth interviews with experts inside and outside of the country that they were discussed, analyzed and criticized in comparison with each other. This study first categorized and compared the inter-religious and outer-religious approaches to the concept of Islamic cities. Another finding of this study was to add the inter-religious reading to earlier readings of the Islamic city. In this regard, in parallel with the investigation of different studies on Islamic cities, different layers of Islamic thought were also studied and adapted to existing readings.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study addresses the question of which aspect of Islamic thought is more in line with the needs of today's society in urban planning. According to the analyses indicated in the study, the emphasis on the ethical approach can meet the current requirements of cities in Islamic societies more than the other approaches.

Aims: This paper was carried out to show Islamic principles and Quranic verses in the Safavid Dynasty and Qajar Dynasty masterpieces, especially in the case of studies (Chahar-Bagh School-Mosque and Shah Abdol-Azim Tomb). Chahar-Bagh School-Mosque is one of the masterpieces of Safavid Dynasty, and Shah Abdol-Azim Tomb is one of the most important buildings of Tehran. The centrepiece of its tiling ornament has accomplished in the Qajar Dynasty.
Instruments & Methods: Comparative analysis of tiling in these two buildings can help in recognition of them. This study compares these two buildings with analytical-descriptive, and survey study methods.
Findings: The Findings of the present study indicate that the main difference between these two buildings’ tiling is in pattern and colour. In the Safavid Dynasty, azure and turquoise colours are dominant, but in Qajar yellow, orange, pink and brown are seen the most. In Chahar-Bagh complex, Suls and Kufi-ye-Bannai typefaces are used to inscribe Quranic and religious anecdotes. In Shah Abdol-Azim Tomb Nastaliq typeface is used to inscribe anecdotes, holy names, craftsmen’s signatures, and describing the date of building construction. Geometric and arabesque patterns in tiling decoration of the Safavid Dynasty are simple and separate; in the Qajar Dynasty, complex shapes made of geometric and patterns with elaborate and complicated details can be seen.
Conclusion: A review of the two case studies studied, the Chahar-Bagh School-Mosque and Shah Abdol-Azim Tomb, shows that the verses of the Holy Quran can be considered as the source of the artist's idea of understanding the Safavid and Qajar works.
 

Natural light as the only source of light in historical buildings can play a crucial role in changing interior spaces. Iranian architects artistically directed the light beams to the interior and partitioned integrated spaces without using separation elements or materials. The main question of this study is how does sunlight create spaces within southern vault of the mosque by establishing a combination of light, shade, and darkness and what is the role of light is in spiritualization of the main altar of the mosque?. For this purpose, the light intensity was measured in the southern Shabestan and altar using devices and a 12-month light travel simulation was performed by DIALux evo 7.0 and the data were analyzed.
The results show that luminance is the highest at noon prayer time every day in a year, promoting the spiritual space of the altar. Also, intensity of the light with aforementioned functions within the vault instead of using separation walls resulted in functional separation of the spaces. The difference of the present study with previous ones is the use of photometric devices and quantitative analysis of the light in order to reach an analytical approach and to explain the importance of divine light in mosques.

Problem Decorative and geometrical experiences are an integral part of Iranian art and traditional architecture in the Islamic era, which has provoked the acclaim of many pundits in this area. One of the challenges of contemporary Islamic architecture is the lack of discourse between traditional and modern approaches to create geometry and new forms.
Aims The purpose of this study will be to produce 3D geometric decoration based on the principles of Gestalt aesthetics so that these forms will be shaped by sound frequencies resulting from the reading of the Quran at the different tunes.
Methods To achieve the desired goals through library and field studies, firstly, recognition and classification of the Quran tunes, then examining the relationship between parametric architecture and music, has been used to analyze them from descriptive-analytical research methods. Then, the modeling methods and pattern deformation based on the principles of Gestalt aesthetics have been studied. Finally, three-dimensional geometric patterns are mapped into a computer simulation method with Rhino software and Grasshopper plugin based on audio input from the Quran.
The result of this study indicated that the mathematical relationship between parametric architecture and Iranian music can be used to create unique dimensional shells, coordinate with valuable features of context-based architecture,
Conclusion Mathematical language can be used as a link between parametric architecture and musical tunes used in the reading of the Quran. Also, 3D shells which are produced with the Islamic architecture approach can play an applied role in the beautification of the urban highways.

The National Relics Society was one of the institutions established in the late years of the Qajar era and began its activity in the early Pahlavi era. During its activity time, the Society has undertaken a variety of activities in various fields, such as preserving historical buildings, building monuments for historical figures, and publishing books on various subjects. The main aim of this article is to investigate the factors that underlie the establishment of the National Relics Society. The main question of this article is that which groups and to what extends had a role in the establishment of the National Relics Society? This research is based on the historical research method and relies on the analysis of the content of the first-hand sources of the period in question. The Findings of the research show that three influential groups had a role in the establishment of the Society: modernist scholars, political elites and orientalists. The ideas of the scholars, mainly reflected in journals such as Kaveh, Iranshahr, and Namehyeh-Farangestan, seem to provide the idea of the Society. Moreover, political elites became the practical power of this idea to founding the society, and finally, the orientalists played a significant role in outlining its activities.

Aims: In the Safavid era, due to the government’s approach to the issue of collective life, as well as attention to the issue of national unity and the society unity, certain changes can be observed in the type and manner of social activities. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to investigate the impacts of the Safavid government on the formation of urban spaces. It is considered the process of turning the bridges built during this period, such as the Allahverdi Khan and Khajoo Bridges, into the context of group activities and the role of the government in it.
Instruments & Methods: In this study, with the interpretive historical method, Safavid Travelogue to extract social activities has been studied. Then, by explaining the role of government in such activities, the causes of government agency in holding various social events are examined and the creation of Allah Verdi Khan and Khaju Bridges as a place of collective behavior of the people are then analyzed.
Findings: Since the legitimacy of the Safavid government relies on the national unity, the public territory, as the sphere of communication of society, has become the scene of national and religious events, and the government has been responsible for establishing and forming many social events. Hence, spaces such as Naqsh-e Jahan Square, Chaharbagh Street, as well as Allah Verdi Khan and Khaju Bridges have been formed during this period.
Conclusion: The urban bridges of Safavid era, i.e. Allah Verdi Khan and Khaju Bridges, have become the context of social activities of the people and the king, and instead of the mere function of a passage, they have formed a key collective space in the structure of Isfahan with their special architecture.

The most extensive contemporization of Iranian urban districts began in the first Pahlavi Era. During this period, coming Reza Shah's modernist government to power, renovation projects began and the face of many cities in Iran is changed. In this regard, the examination of the state of identity from two theoretical and practical dimensions during this period seems to be a reviewable and essential matter. The question that arises here is what is the position of identity in the theoretical dimensions and practical measures of planning and implementing urban contemporization plans carried out between 1925 and 1978?. To answer the questions, the present study is conducted by analytical-descriptive research method. In this regard, the projects implemented in the years 1925 to 1978 are classified in two first and second Pahlavi periods. Finally, the approach of each period and its measures are analyzed in terms of tendency towards differentiation, similarity, and unity in the realization of identity. The results show that the approach to identity in the first Pahlavi Era is in its tendency towards modernity and renovation as development symbol, and in the second Pahlavi Era, with the tendency of regeneration and contemporization plans, the approach is moving from predominance of the distinction of identity towards the continuing and preserving unity in identity