Volume 12, Issue 2 (2022)
Naqshejahan 2022, 12(2): 138-158 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Hashemin S A, Zarkesh A, Higueras Garcia E, Suzanchi K. Effect of tree planting design on human thermal comfort at microclimate scale; Case study: Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University. Naqshejahan 2022; 12 (2) :138-158
URL: http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-61858-en.html
URL: http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-61858-en.html
1- PhD Student, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2- Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran ,zarkesh@modares.ac.ir
3- Professor of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
4- Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2- Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran ,
3- Professor of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
4- Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: (2017 Views)
Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different planting plans, especially trees with varying characteristics of branch and leaf structure, height, canopy diameter, and density, leaf shape, and size, and compare the cooling effect under similar conditions to a suitable planting plan for maximum productivity.
Methods: The data collection method in this field and library research and the analysis method used are simulations, and the findings and comparison of results are quantitative and qualitative. Vegetation information of the site in the first stage is harvested, and the current situation is simulated, and its impact is determined. Then two new planting plans with the same amount of greenery in the current situation are designed and manufactured in the environment, and the results are compared.
Findings: The simulation results show that group planting mode is completely similar conditions in terms of plant species and the number of trees 0.85 ° C reduces the average air temperature compared to the linear planting mode and the biggest difference is in the average radiant temperature, which is more than 3 (3.18) ° C There is a temperature difference between group planting mode compared to linear planting mode and group planting mode has a lower average radiant temperature.
Conclusion: This study revealed the effect of the group planting plan factor, despite creating a full shade of trees and reducing the shading area of trees, improved the PMV thermal comfort index and improved environmental variables.
Methods: The data collection method in this field and library research and the analysis method used are simulations, and the findings and comparison of results are quantitative and qualitative. Vegetation information of the site in the first stage is harvested, and the current situation is simulated, and its impact is determined. Then two new planting plans with the same amount of greenery in the current situation are designed and manufactured in the environment, and the results are compared.
Findings: The simulation results show that group planting mode is completely similar conditions in terms of plant species and the number of trees 0.85 ° C reduces the average air temperature compared to the linear planting mode and the biggest difference is in the average radiant temperature, which is more than 3 (3.18) ° C There is a temperature difference between group planting mode compared to linear planting mode and group planting mode has a lower average radiant temperature.
Conclusion: This study revealed the effect of the group planting plan factor, despite creating a full shade of trees and reducing the shading area of trees, improved the PMV thermal comfort index and improved environmental variables.
Keywords: Tree planting design, Outdoor thermal comfort, ENVI-met Simulator, Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), Performance-based design, Microclimate, Energy efficiency
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Hightech in landscape design
Received: 2022/03/18 | Accepted: 2022/06/21 | Published: 2022/06/22
Received: 2022/03/18 | Accepted: 2022/06/21 | Published: 2022/06/22
References
1. Ahmadpour N, Pourjafar M, Mahdavinejad M, Yousefian S. The Role and Impact of Design Elements on the Quality of Thermal Comfort in Urban Open Spaces Case Study: Design of Pedestrian Way in Tamghachiha Pathway in the City of Kashan. Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning, 2017; 9(18): 59-80. https://doi: 10.30480/aup.2017.512 [Article] [DOI]
2. Lin Yu-Hao, Tsai Kang-Ting. Screening of Tree Species for Improving Outdoor Human Thermal Comfort in a Taiwanese City. Sustainability. 2017; 9, 340. https://doi: 10.3390/su90303 [Article] [DOI]
3. De Abreu-Harbich L.V., Labaki, L.C.; Matzarakis, A. Effect of tree planting design and tree species on human thermal comfort in the tropics. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2015; 138, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.008 [Article] [DOI]
4. Doick K, Hutchings T. Air temperature regulation by trees and wider green infrastructure in urban areas: The current state of knowledge; Research note 12 (FCRN012). 2013; For. Comm., 12, 1–10. https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/1708/FCRN012.pdf [Article]
5. Leuzinger S, Vogt R, Körner C. Tree surface temperature in an urban environment. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2010; 150, 56–62. https://doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.08.006 [Article] [DOI]
6. Hsieh C M, Jan F C, Zhang L. A simplified assessment of how tree allocation, wind environment, and shading affect human comfort. Urban For. Urban Green. 2016; 18, 126–137. https://doi:10.3390/su11061665 [Article] [DOI]
7. Kong F, Yan W, Zheng G, Yin H, Cavan, G.; Zhan,W.; Zhang, N.; Cheng, L. Retrieval of three-dimensional tree canopy and shade using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data to analyze the cooling effect of vegetation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2016; 217, 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.11.005 [Article] [DOI]
8. Zhang Z, Lv Y, Pan H. Cooling and humidifying effect of plant communities in subtropical urban parks. Urban For. Urban Green. 2013; 12, 323–329. https://doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2013.03.010 [Article] [DOI]
9. Erell E, Pearlmutter D, Williamson TJ. Urban Microclimate: Designing the Spaces Between Buildings, 1st ed. Earth scan, London; 2011, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849775397 [Article] [DOI]
10. Wang J, Guo W, Wang Ch, Yao Y, Kou K, Xian , Zhang Y. Tree crown geometry and its performances on human thermal comfort adjustment. Journal of Urban Management. 2021; 10. 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2021.02.001 [Article] [DOI]
11. Zheng S, Zhao L, Li Q. Numerical simulation of the impact of different vegetation species on the outdoor thermal environment. Urban For. Urban Green. 2016; 18, 138–150. https://doi:10.3390/su12072752 [Article] [DOI]
12. Tan Zh, Ka-Lun Laua K, Ng E. Urban tree design approaches for mitigating daytime urban heat island effects in a high-density urban environment. Energy and Buildings. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.031 [Article] [DOI]
13. Taha H, Akbari H, Rosenfeld A. Heat island and oasis effects of vegetative canopies: micro-meteorological field-measurements, Theor. Appl. Climatol. 1991; 44 (2). 123–138. https://doi:10.1007/BF00867999 [Article] [DOI]
14. Hong B, Lin B. Numerical studies of the outdoor wind environment and thermal comfort at pedestrian level in housing blocks with different building layout patterns and trees arrangement, Renew. Energy. 2015; 73. 18–27. https://doi:10.1016/j.renene.2014.05.060 [Article] [DOI]
15. Alexandri E, Jones P. Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to green walls and green roofs in diverse climates, Build. Environ. 2008; 43 (4) 480–493. https://doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.10.055 [Article] [DOI]
16. Dimoudi A, Nikolopoulou M. Vegetation in the urban environment: microclimatic analysis and benefits, Energy Build. 2003; 35 (1) .69–76. https://doi: 10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00081-6 [Article] [DOI]
17. Bruse M, Fleer H. Simulating surface–plant–air interactions inside urban environments with a three dimensional numerical model, Environ. Model.Softw. 1998; 13 (3). 373–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-8152(98)00042-5 [Article] [DOI]
18. Hami A, Abdi B, Zarehaghi D, Maulan SB. Assessing the thermal comfort effects of green spaces: A systematic review of methods, parameters, and plants’ attributes. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2019 Aug 1;49:101634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101634 [Article] [DOI]
19. Jan FC, Hsieh CM, Ishikawa M, Sun YH. The influence of tree allocation and tree transpiration on the urban microclimate: An analysis of a subtropical urban park. Environment and Urbanization ASIA. 2013 Mar;4(1):135-50. https://doi: 10.1177/0975425313477751 [Article] [DOI]
20. Gál T, Unger J. A new software tool for SVF calculations using building and tree-crown databases. Urban Cli. 2014; 10 Pt 3, 594–606. https://doi: 10.1016/j.uclim.2014.05.004 [Article] [DOI]
21. Lin T P, Matzarakis A, Hwang R L. Shading effect on long-term outdoor thermal comfort. Build. Environ. 2010; 45(1), 213–221. https://doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.06.002 [Article] [DOI]
22. Emmanuel M R. An urban approach to climate-sensitive design: Strategies for Tropics. London: E & FN Spoon Press., 172 pp. 2005. ISBN 9780415334105 [Article]
23. Abreu-Harbich L V, Labaki L C, Matzarakis A. Effect of tree planting design and tree species on human thermal comfort in the tropics. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2015; 138, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.008 [Article] [DOI]
24. Lee H, Holst J, Mayer H. Modification of human biometeorologically significant radiant flux densities by shading as local method to mitigate heat stress in summer within urban street canyons. Advances in Meteorology. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/312572 [Article] [DOI]
25. Brown R D, Gillespie TJ. Microclimatic landscape design: Creating thermal comfort and energy efficiency. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. 1995. [Article]
26. Berry R, Livesley S J, Aye L. Tree canopy shade impacts on solarir radiance received by building walls and their surface temperature. Building and Environment. 2013; 69, 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.07.009
27. Guo W, Bin Ch, Wang Ch, Tang X. Tree planting indices and their effects on summer park thermal environment: A case study of a subtropical satellite city, China. Indoor and Built Environment. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X20977614 [Article] [DOI]
28. Myint SW, Wentz EA, Brazel AJ, Quattrochi DA. The impact of distinct anthropogenic and vegetation features on urban warming. Landsc. Ecol. 2013; 28, 959–978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9868-y [Article] [DOI]
29. Zhao, Q., Wentz, E.A., Murray, A.T. Tree shade coverage optimization in an urban residential environment. Build. Environ. 2017; 115, 269–280. https://doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.01.036 [Article] [DOI]
30. Fan C, Myint SW, Zheng B. Measuring the spatial arrangement of urban vegetation and its impacts on seasonal surface temperatures. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 2015; 39, 199–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133314567583 [Article] [DOI]
31. Myint SW, Zheng B, Talen E, Fan C, Kaplan S, Middel A, Smith M, Huang HP, Brazel A. Does the spatial arrangement of urban landscape matter? Examples of urban warming and cooling in Phoenix and Las Vegas. Ecosyst. Health Sustain. 2015; 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/EHS14-0028.1. art15 [Article] [DOI]
32. Azmoodeh M, Heidari S. Effect of Urban Green Walls on Reduction of Temperature in Microclimates and Urban Heat Island. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2017; 19(5): 597-606. https://doi: 10.22034/jest.2017.11398 [Article] [DOI]
33. Karamirad S, Aliabadi M, Habibi A, Vakilinejad R. Measuring the Impact of Vegetation on Pedestrians Thermal Comfort Conditions. Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism(JIAU), 2017; 8(2): 185-196. https://doi: 10.30475/isau.2018.62074 [Article] [DOI]
34. Rezaei M, Habib F, Shahcheraghi A. Effect of Planting System of Iranian Garden on Thermal Comfort of Open Spaces; Case Study: Jahan Nama Shiraz Garden. Naqshejahan - Basic Studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning. 2021;11(3). http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-48594-fa.html [Article]
35. Talaei M, Mahdavinejad M, Zarkesh A, Haghighi HM. A review on interaction of innovative building envelope technologies and solar energy gain. Energy Procedia. 2017 Dec 1;141:24-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.006
36. Hadianpour M, Mahdavinejad M, Bemanian M, Haghshenas M, Kordjamshidi M. Effects of windward and leeward wind directions on outdoor thermal and wind sensation in Tehran, Building and Environment. 2019: Mar 1; 150: 164-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.12.053 [Article] [DOI]
37. Eslamirad N, Kolbadinejad SM, Mahdavinejad M, Mehranrad M. Thermal comfort prediction by applying supervised machine learning in green sidewalks of Tehran. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment. 2020; Apr 28.9(4): 361-374. https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-03-2019-0028 [Article] [DOI]
38. Spagnolo J, de Dear R. A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi- outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney Australia. Building and Environment. 2003; 38 (5), 721-738. http://doi.org/1-.1016/S0360-1323(02)00209-3 [Article] [DOI]
39. Liu W, Zhang Y, Deng Q. The effect of urban microclimate on outdoor thermal sensation and neutral temperature in hot-summer and cold-winter climate. Energy and Building, 2016; 128, 190-197. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.86 [Article] [DOI]
40. Irwin PA, Overview of ASCE report on outdoor comfort around buildings: assessment and methods of control. In: In Proceedings of the 2004 Structures Congress – Building on the Past: Securing the Future. Nashville, Tennessee, United States. 2004;441–452. https://doi.org/10.1061/40700(2004)49 [Article] [DOI]
41. Nagano K, Horikoshi T. New index indicating the universal and separate effects on human comfort under outdoor and non-uniform thermal conditions. Energy Build. 2011; 43 (7), 1694–1701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.03.012 [Article] [DOI]
42. Fanger PO. Assessment of man’s thermal comfort in practice. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1973. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.30.4.313 [Article] [DOI]
43. Gagge AP, Fobelets AP, Berglund LG. Standard predictive index of human response to the thermal environment. In: ASHRAE Transactions, vol. 1986; 92, ASHRAE, pp. 709–731. https://www.aivc.org/sites/default/files/airbase_2522.pdf
44. H¨oppe P. The physiological equivalent temperature - A universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. Int. J. Biometeorol. 1999; 43 (2), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050118.
45. Salata F, Golasi I, de Lieto Vollaro, R., de Lieto Vollaro, A. Outdoor thermal comfort in the Mediterranean area. A transversal study in Rome, Italy. Build. Environ. 2016; 96, 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.11.023 [Article] [DOI]
46. VDI, Methods for the human-biometerological assessment of climate and air hygiene for urban and regional planning. Part I: Climate, VDI guideline 3787. Part 2. Beuth, Berlin. WMO. Climate and human health, World climate News;1999;14:3–5. [Article]
47. Potchter O, Cohen P, Bitan A. Climatic behavior of various urban parks during hot and humid summer in the Mediterranean city of Tel Aviv, Israel. Int. J. Climatol. 2006; 26 (12), 1695–1711. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1330 [Article] [DOI]
48. Matzarakis A, Mayer H, Iziomon MG. Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature. Int. J. Biometeorol. 1999;43(2):76–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050119 [Article] [DOI]
49. Matzarakis A, Rutz F, Mayer H. Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments: basics of the RayMan model. Int. J. Biometeorol. 2010;54(2):131–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-009-0261-0 [Article] [DOI]
50. Nasir RA, Ahmad SS, Ahmed AZ. Psychological adaptation of outdoor thermal comfort in shaded green spaces in Malaysia. Proc. - Social Behav. 2012; Sci. 68, 865–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.273 [Article] [DOI]
51. Potchter O, Cohen P, Lin TP, Matzarakis A. Outdoor human thermal perception in various climates: a comprehensive review of approaches, methods and quantification. Sci. Total Environ. 2018; 631–632, 390–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.276 [Article] [DOI]
52. Ali-Toudert F, Mayer H. Numerical study on the effects of aspect ratio and orientation of an urban street canyon on outdoor thermal comfort in hot and dry climate. Build. Environ. 2006;41(2):94–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.01.013 [Article] [DOI]
53. Cheng V, Ng E, Chan C, Givoni B. Outdoor thermal comfort study in a sub-tropical climate: a longitudinal study based in Hong Kong. Int. J. Biometeorol. 2012;56(1):43–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-010-0396-z [Article] [DOI]
54. Majidi F, Heidari S, Ghalehnoee M, Ghasemi Cichani M. Assessment and Analysis of the Thermal Comfort Conditions in Open Spaces of Residential Neighborhoods Using Thermal Indicators (Case Study: Neighborhoods of Isfahan City). Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism(JIAU), 2020; 10(2): 113-126. [Persian] https://doi:10.30475/isau.2020.103467 [Article] [DOI]
55. Rajabbeigi E, Erfanian Salim R., Jafari SM. A Review on Efficiency of Plants for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Urban Ecosystems with Focusing on Plant Functional Traits. 2015;12(4):13-24. https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/article_97449.html?lang=fa [Article]
56. Doughty C, B Field C, McMillan A. Can crop albedo be increased through the modification of leaf trichomes, and could this cool regional climate? Climatic Change. 2011;104:379–387. https://doi: 10.1007/s10584-010-9936-0 [Article] [DOI]
57. Betts A, Ball J. Albedo over the boreal forest. Journal of Geographical Research. 1997;102(24):901-909. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD03876 [Article] [DOI]
58. Simpson J. Urban forest impacts on regional cooling and heating energy: Sacramento county case story. Journal of Arboriculture; 1998;24(4):201-214. https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/psw_1998_simpson001.pdf [Article]
59. Donovan G, Butry D. The value of shade: Estimating the effect of urban trees on summertime electricity use. Energy and Buildings; 2009; 41: 662–668. https://doi:10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2009.01.002 [Article] [DOI]
60. Buckley T N, Sack L, Gilbert M E. The Role of Bundle Sheath Extensions and Life Form in Stomatal Responses to Leaf Water Status. Plant Physiology; 2011;156:962-973. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.175638 [Article] [DOI]
61. Heidari S, Monam A. Evaluation of Thermal Comfort Indices in Outdoor Space. Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 2013; 11(1). https://doi: 10.22067/geography.v11i20.30753 [Article] [DOI]
62. Mahmoodi A, Ghazizadeh S, Monam A. The Impact of the Architectural Design on the Thermal Comfort of the Outdoor Spaces in Residential Complexes; Case Study: Ekbatan Complex, Phase III. Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba: Memary Va Shahrsazi, 2010;2(42):59-70. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_22614.html?lang=en [Article]
63. Shaeri J, Mahdavinejad M. Prediction Indoor Thermal Comfort in Traditional Houses of Shiraz with PMV/PPD model. International Journal of Ambient Energy. 2022 Jun 21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2022.2092774 [Article] [DOI]
64. Talaei M, Mahdavinejad M, Azari R, Haghighi HM, Atashdast A. Thermal and energy performance of a user-responsive microalgae bioreactive façade for climate adaptability. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2022 Aug 1;52:101894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101894 [Article] [DOI]
65. Torabi M, Mahdavinejad M. Past and Future Trends on the Effects of Occupant Behaviour on Building Energy Consumption. J. Sustain. Archit. Civ. Eng. 2021 Oct 27;29(2) 83-101. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.29.2.28576 [Article] [DOI]
66. Saadatjoo P, Mahdavinejad M, Zhang G, Vali K. Influence of permeability ratio on wind-driven ventilation and cooling load of mid-rise buildings. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2021 Jul 1;70:102894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102894 [Article] [DOI]
67. Rahbar M, Mahdavinejad M, Markazi A.H.D., Bemanian M. Architectural layout design through deep learning and agent-based modeling: A hybrid approach. Journal of Building Engineering. 2022 April15; 47, 103822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103822 [Article] [DOI]
68. Haghshenas M, Hadianpour M, Matzarakis A, Mahdavinejad M, Ansari M. Improving the suitability of selected thermal indices for predicting outdoor thermal sensation in Tehran. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2021 Jul 27:103205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103205 [Article] [DOI]
69. Fallahtafti R, Mahdavinejad M. Window geometry impact on a room's wind comfort. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. 2021 Mar 24;28(9):2381-2410. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-01-2020-0075 [Article] [DOI]
70. Bazazzadeh H, Świt-Jankowska B, Fazeli N, Nadolny A, Safar Ali Najar B, Hashemi Safaei S, Mahdavinejad M. Efficient Shading Device as an Important Part of Daylightophil Architecture; a Designerly Framework of High-Performance Architecture for an Office Building in Tehran. Energies. 2021 December 8;14(24), 8272. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248272 [Article] [DOI]
71. Ahmadi J, Mahdavinejad M, Asadi S. Folded double-skin façade (DSF): in-depth evaluation of fold influence on the thermal and flow performance in naturally ventilated channels. International Journal of Sustainable Energy. 2021 Jun 16:1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2021.1941019 [Article] [DOI]
72. Goharian A, Mahdavinejad M, Bemanian M, Daneshjoo K. Designerly optimization of devices (as reflectors) to improve daylight and scrutiny of the light-well’s configuration. Building Simulation. 2021 Oct 9 (pp. 1-24). Tsinghua University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-021-0839-y [Article] [DOI]
73. López ER, García EH, González FJ. Bioclimatic Characterisation Methodology of a City: The Case of Málaga, Spain. InUrban Sustainability and Energy Management of Cities for Improved Health and Well-Being 2022 (pp. 1-31). IGI Global. [Article] [DOI]
74. Larriva MT, Higueras E. Health risk for older adults in Madrid, by outdoor thermal and acoustic comfort. Urban Climate. 2020 Dec 1;34:100724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100724 [Article]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |