A comparative analysis on thermal performances of Conditioned and free running houses (Case study in moderate climate of Babolsar, Iran)

نویسنده
Maria Kordjamshidi
The University of Mazandaran, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Babolsar,POB 416, Iran
چکیده
There has long been a concern that evaluating building thermal performance on the basis of energy loads is inappropriate to achieve overall energy efficiency of houses, particularly passive houses, in temperate climates. Passive buildings designed to be free running may achieve better results in an appropriate evaluation system. The main objective of this study is to investigate differences between thermal performances of houses in different operation modes. The paper illustrates a relationship between indicators of building performance in free running and conditioned modes. Simulation is used to compare the predicted performances of conditioned and free running houses, respectively on the basis of annual energy requirements (MJ/m2) and Degree Discomfort Hours (DDH) in temperate climate of Babolsar, Iran. Despite a strong relationship between these two indicators, some significant differences become clear leading to a discussion of the persistent technical problems and issues, which are encountered when attempting to optimize an efficient architectural design. The result of this study persuades the architects to pay more attention to the process of building energy efficient design regarding to the building operation mod. Application of this result in the building labelling system can promote the passive building design which is an important step to achieve objectives of sustainable development.
[1] Boland, J. Kravchuk, O. Saman, W. & Kilsby, R. Estimation of thermal sensitivity of a dwelling to variations in architectural parameters. Environmental Modeling and Assessment, 2003, (8) 101-113.
[2] Olofsson, T. Meier, A. and Lamberts R. Rating the energy performance of buildings. The International Journal of Low Energy and Sustainable Buildings, 2004, (3) 1-18.
[3] Kordjamshidi, M. King, S. and Prasad, D. Towards the development of a home rating scheme for free running buildings. Proceeding of ANZSES, Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Future- A challenge for a post carbon world. New Zealand: Duniden university, 2005.
[4] Kordjamshidi, M. King, S. and Prasad, D. An Alternative basis for Home Energy Rating Scheme (HERS). Proceedings of PLEA, Environmental Sustainability: the challenge of awareness in developing societies. Lebanon, 2005.
[5] Soebarto, V I. A low-energy house and a low rating: what is the problem? Proceedings of the 34th Conference of the Australia and New Zealand Architectural Science Association. Adelaide, South Australia, 2000.
[6] Williamson, T J. A critical review of home energy rating in Australia. Proceedings of the 34th Conference of the Australia and New Zealand Architectural Science Association. Adelaide, South Australia, 2000.
[7] Thomas, PC. and Thomas, L. A study of an energy consumption index normalised for area in house energy rating schemes. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of Australian and New Zealand Solar Energy Society: From Fossils to Photons Renewable Energy Transforming business, Brisbane, 2000.
[8]Kordjamshidi, M. King, S. and Prasad, D. Why rating schemes always wrong? Regulatory frameworks for passive design and energy efficiency. 23th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture. Geneva, Switzerland, 2006.
[9] Kordjamshidi, M. King, S. A comparative analysis of the simulated thermal performances of dwellings in moderate climate. International Conference of IBPSA. Adelaide, 2006.
[10] Chen, Z. Clements-Croome, D. Hong, J. Li, H., & Xu, Q. A multi criteria lifespan energy efficiency approach to intelligent building assessment. Energy and Buildings, 2006, 38(5) 393-409.
[11] Patterson, M.G. What is energy efficiency? : Concepts, indicators and methodological issues, Energy Policy, 1996. 24(5) 377-390.
[12] Haas, R., Energy efficiency indicators in the residential sector: What do we know and what has to be ensured? Energy Policy, 1997, 25 (7-9)789-802.
[13] Yang, W.,Kuckelkorna, J., Zhaoc, F., Liud, D., Kirschbauma, A., Zhange, J. Evaluation on classroom thermal comfort and energy performance of passive school building by optimizing HVAC control systems, Building and Environment, 2015, 89(0) 86-106.
[14] Jinghua, Y U. Liwei, T. Xinhua, X U. Jinbo, W. Evaluation on energy and thermal performance for office building envelope in different climate zones of China, Energy and Buildings, 2015. 86(0) 626-639.
[15] Mahdavinejad, M.J., Badri, N. and Fakhari, M., Establishment of optimum design pattern in buildings roof shape based onenergy Loss, Naghshejahan, Basic Studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning, 2013, 3, 35- 42.
[16] Poel, B., G. van Cruchten, and C.A. Balaras, Energy performance assessment of existing dwellings. Energy and Buildings, 2007, 39 (4) 393-403.
[17] Kordjamshidi, M. King, S. Zehner, R. & Prasad, D. Modeling efficient building design: a comparison of conditioned and free-running house rating approaches. Architectural Science Review, 2007, 50(1) 52-59.
[18] Preiser, W F E. Building performance assessment--from POE to BPE, a personal perspective, Architectural Science Review, 2005. 48(3) 201-204.
[19] Preiser, W F E. and Vischer, J C. The evolution of building performance evaluation: an introduction, in Assessing Building Performance, W.F.E. Preiser and J.C. Visscher, Editors. Elsevier: Oxford, UK, 2005, 3-13.
[20] Bordass, B. and Leaman, A. Occupancy- post- occupancy evaluation, in Assessing Building Performance, W.F.E. Preiser and J.C. Vischer, Editors. Elsevier: Sydney, 2005.
[21] Duarte, C. Wymelenberg, K.V. and Rieger, C. Revealing occupancy patterns in an office building through the use of occupancy sensor data, Energy and Buildings, 2013, (67) 587-595.
[22] Szokolay, S. An energy rating system for houses, in Energy-Efficient Ratings and Standards for New Houses, Queensland Energy Information Centre Department of Resource Industries: Brisbane, 1992.
[23] Kordjamshidi, M., Application of fuzzy technique to integrate multiple occupancy scenarios into house rating schemes (HRS), Energy and Buildings, 2013 (67) 463-470.
[24] Fanger, P.O., Thermal Comfort: Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering, Florida: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company Malabar, 1982.
[25] International Standards Organization, ISO/DIS 7730 Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment- Analytical Determination and Interpretation of Thermal Comfort Using Calculation of the PMV and PPD Indices and Local Thermal Comfort. 2003, International Standards Organization.
[26] ISSO, Design of Indoor Conditions and Good Thermal Comfort in Buildings (in Dutch), Netherlands, 1990.
[27] de Dear, R. and Brager, G S. Thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings: revisions to ASHRAE Standard 55, Energy and Buildings, 2002. 34(6) 549-561.
[28] de Dear, R. Thermal comfort in practice, Indoor Air, 2004, 14(7) 32-39.
[29] de Dear, R., Brager, G S. The adoptive model of thermal comfort and energy conservation in the built environment, International Journal of Biometeorology, 2001, 45(2) 100-108.
[30] de Dear, R. Brager, G S. and Cooper, D. Developing an adoptive model of thermal comfort and preference, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers: Sydney, 1997.
[31] Davis Energy Group, Comfort Reports, California Energy Commission: California, 2004.
[32] Forwood, G. What is thermal comfort in a naturally ventilated building, in Standards for Thermal Comfort: Indoor Air Temperature Standards for the 21st Century, F. Nicol, et al., Editors. 1995, E & FN Spon: London. p. 176 - 181.
[33] Bouden, C. and Ghrab, N. An adaptive thermal comfort model for the Tunisian context: field study results, Energy and Buildings, 2005, 37(9) 952- 963.
[34] Kumar, S. and Mahdavi, A. A Combined analytic and case- based approach to thermal comfort prediction in buildings, Proceeding of Building Simulation 99, Sixth International IBPSA Conference, Kyoto, Japan, 1999.
[35] ASHRAE, ASNI/ASHRAE standard 55-2004, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers, Inc 2004.
[36] Szokolay, S V. Handbook of Architectural Technology, ed. H.J. Cowan., New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.
[37] Williamson, T. and Riordan, P. Thermostat strategies for discretionary heating and cooling of dwellings in temperate climates, Proceedings of 5th IBPSA Building simulation Conference, Prague: International Building Performance simulation Association. 1997.
[38] Delsante, A. A Validation of the "Accurate “Simulation Engine Using BESTEST, CSIRO: Canberra, 2004.
[39] Isaacs, T. Accurate: 2nd generation nationwide house energy rating software, BDP Environment Design Guide, The Royal Australian Institute of Architects: Canberra, 2005.
[40] Asadi, S. Shams, S. and Mottahedi, M. The development of multi-linear regression analysis to assess energy consumptionin the early stages of building design, Energy and Buildings, 2014. 85(0) 246-255.
[41] Schakib- Ekbatan, K. Cakic, Z F. Schweiker, M. Wagner, A. Does the occupant behavior match the energy concept of the building? Analysis of a German naturally ventilated office building, Energy and Buildings, 2015. 84(0) 142-150.
[42] Thornton, S B. Nair, S S. and Mistry, S I. Sensitivity analysis for building thermal loads. ASHRE Transactions, 1997 (103) 165- 175.
[43] Ben-Nakhi, A E. and Mahmoud, M A. Cooling load prediction for buildings using general regression neural networks. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45(13-14) 2127-2141.
[44] Kordjamshidi, M. and King, S. Overcoming problems in house energy ratings in temperate climates: A proposed new rating framework, Energy and Buildings, 2009, 41(1) 125-132.
[45] Kordjamshidi, M. House Rating Schemes: From Energy to Comfort Base, Springer, 2011.