The investigation of thermal adaptation in apartments in hot and dry climate: A study on thermal comfort and thermal behavior in apartments in Shiraz

Document Type : Original Research

Authors
Seyedeh Mahsa Abodollahzadeh 1
Shahin Heidari 2
Alireza Einifar 3
1 PhD Candidate in architecture, University of Teharn
2 School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3 a School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Aims: Based on the thermal adaptation concept, an individual adaptation at physiological, psychological, and behavioral levels can be effective in providing residential thermal comfort, consuming energy, and designing building. The present study was, therefore, aimed to investigate the thermal adaptation in residential apartments of Shiraz, Iran by determining thermal comfort range, priority of thermal behavior, and causes of thermal dissatisfaction of the residents.

Methods: The quantitative research method was performed by using the survey of thermal comfort, behavioral priority, and thermal dissatisfaction factors. The correlation between the variables was then, analyzed. Thermal adaptation was further investigated through analytical and inferential methods.

Results:­While thermal comfort range was found to be higher than the international standards, 45% of the respondent's dissatisfaction was reported to be due to the lack of proper climatic design. Both clothes change and cooling system use as the first, and opening the windows as the second priorities of thermal behavior in hot season. Drawing curtains, closing doors and windows, and clothes change, however, were the respective priorities in winter, which vindicates the priority of using passive approaches in cold season. The effect of season on both behavior and reactive behavior were further investigated.

Conclusion:The higher thermal comfort range and neutral temperature found in comparison to those reported in standards, as well as the study of either reactive or interactive behaviors and seasonal habits of residents vindicated the individuals' thermal adaptation. Using aforementioned items in building design has significant effects on improving thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption.

Keywords

Subjects

Hong T, Yan D, D'Oca S, Chen CF. Ten questions concerning occupant behavior in buildings: The big picture. Building and Environment. 2017 Mar 1;114:518-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.12.006 [Article] [DOI]
بنازاده بهاره، حیدری شاهین، هادیان فرد حبیب. سنجش تأثیر سابقه ذهنی کوتاه مدت و بلندمدت کاربران در ادراک آسایش حرارتی (مطالعه موردی: ساختمان مدیریت دانشگاه شیراز). معماری و شهرسازی پایدار. 1399؛ 8(2): 1-20. [Article] [DOI]
D’Oca S, Hong T, Langevin J. The human dimensions of energy use in buildings: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018 Jan 1;81:731-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.019 [Article] [DOI]
پورجعفر محمدرضا، دهقانی فهیمه. نقش بازآفرینی مناظر فرهنگی بر ارتقای کیفیت زندگی شهروندی نمونه موردی: مجموعه زندیه شیراز. نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی. ۱۳۹۰؛۱(۱):۹۴-۸۱. [Article] [DOI]
Delzendeh E, Wu S, Lee A, Zhou Y. The impact of occupants’ behaviours on building energy analysis: A research review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017 Dec 1;80:1061-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.264 [Article] [DOI]
حریری محمدتقی رضائی، فیاض ریما. محدوده آسایش حرارتی در تهران. محیط شناسی. 1380؛27(28): 13-17. [Article] [DOI]
Stazi F, Naspi F, D'Orazio M. A literature review on driving factors and contextual events influencing occupants' behaviours in buildings. Building and Environment. 2017 Jun 1;118:40-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.03.021 [Article] [DOI]
حبیب فرح، برزگر زهرا، چشمه قصابانی مریم. رتبه بندی پارامترهای موثر بر مصرف انرژی ساختمان با کاربرد فرایند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی. نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی. ۱۳۹۳؛۴(۲):۵۳-۴۷. [Article] [DOI]
Buso T, Fabi V, Andersen RK, Corgnati SP. Occupant behaviour and robustness of building design. Building and Environment. 2015 Dec 1;94:694-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.11.003 [Article] [DOI]
حیدری شاهین، محمدکاری بهروز، عسکری انارکی احمد. تلفیق گردآور خورشیدی حرارتی با نمای ساختمان. نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی. ۱۳۹۴؛۵(۲):۴۱-۳۱. [Article] [DOI]
Bahaj AS, James PA. Urban energy generation: The added value of photovoltaics in social housing. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2007 Dec 1;11(9):2121-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.03.007 [Article] [DOI]
خداکرمی جمال، نوری شهلا. تأثیر عملکرد حرارتی مصالح غالب مورد استفاده در نمای ساختمان بر شرایط آسایش حرارتی در معابر شهری اقلیم گرم وخشک. معماری و شهرسازی پایدار. 1399؛8(2): 224-201. [Article] [DOI]
Sonderegger RC. Movers and stayers: the resident's contribution to variation across houses in energy consumption for space heating. Energy and buildings. 1978 Apr 1;1(3):313-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(78)90011-7 [Article] [DOI]
رحمتی مهدی، حیدری شاهین، بمانیان محمد رضا. بررسی راهکارهای طراحی معماری بر کاهش اثر جزایر حرارتی شهری. نشریه انرژی ایران. ۱۳۹۵؛۱۹(۱):91-104. [Article]
Maier T, Krzaczek M, Tejchman J. Comparison of physical performances of the ventilation systems in low-energy residential houses. Energy and Buildings. 2009 Mar 1;41(3):337-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.10.007 [Article] [DOI]
عیالی حامد، کشمیری هادی، موحد خسرو. بررسی سازگاری رفتار حرارتی ساکنان آپارتمان در شیراز در راستای دستیابی به آسایش حرارتی درماه های گرم سال. معماری و شهرسازی پایدار. 1398؛7(1): 1-12. [Article] [DOI]
Hong T, Taylor-Lange SC, D’Oca S, Yan D, Corgnati SP. Advances in research and applications of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Energy and buildings. 2016 Mar 15;116:694-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.11.052 [Article] [DOI]
عطاریان کورش، صفرعلی‌نجار بهناز. ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎی پایداری اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ در اﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺘﯽ اﻗﻠﯿﻢ ﮔﺮم و ﻣﺮﻃﻮب (ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮردی: ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﺳﻨﺘﯽ اﻫﻮاز). نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی. ۱۳۹۷; ۸ (۳) :۱۷۰-۱۶۱. [Article] [DOI]
Milne GR. The energy implications of a climate-based indoor air temperature standard in Standards for thermal comfort: indoor air temperature standards for the 21st century. Ed. Nicol JF, Humphreys MA, Sykes O and Roaf S. 1995. [Article]
فروزان نرجس، حاجیپور خلیل، سلطانی علی. بررسی مصرف انرژی نهفته در بافت های مسکونی نمونه موردی: شهر شیراز. نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی. ۱۳۹۵؛۶(۱):۵۲-۴۲. [Article] [DOI]
Brager GS, De Dear RJ. Thermal adaptation in the built environment: a literature review. Energy and buildings. 1998 Feb 1;27(1):83-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(97)00053-4 [Article] [DOI]
فلاح قالهری غلامعباس، میوانه فاطمه، شاکری فهیمه. ارزیابی آسایش حرارتی انسان با استفاده از شاخص جهانی اقلیم حرارتی، مطالعه موردی: استان کردستان. سلامت و محیط زیست. ۱۳۹۴؛۸(۳):۳۷۸-۳۶۷. [Article]
Luo M, Wang Z, Brager G, Cao B, Zhu Y. Indoor climate experience, migration, and thermal comfort expectation in buildings. Building and Environment. 2018 Aug 15;141:262-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.05.047 [Article] [DOI]
لطفی سهند، شعله مهسا، فرمند مریم، فتاحی کاوه. تدوین معیارهای طراحی شهری برای محله های بدون کربن. نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی. ۱۳۹۵؛۶(۱):۹۲-۸۰. [Article] [DOI]
Wohlwill J.F. Behavioral response and adaptation to environmental stimulation in: A. Damon (Ed.). Physiological Anthropology. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge. MA. 1975. pp. 20.5-334. [Article]
مهدوی‌نژاد محمدجواد. رویکرد طراحی- مبنا به مصرف هوشمندانه انرژی در نظریه معماری سرآمد. نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی. ۱۳۹۹؛ ۱۰(۲): ۷۵-۸۳. [Article] [DOI]
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Air-Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Handbook: Refrigeration systems and applications. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers; Atlanta. 2017. https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/ashrae-handbook/description-2017-ashrae-handbook-fundamentals [Article]
مهدوی نژاد محمدجواد، جوانرودی کاوان. مقایسه تطبیقی اثر جریان هوا بر دوگونه ی بادگیر یزدی و کرمانی. نشریه هنرهای زیبا- معماری و شهرسازی. 1390؛ 3(4): 69-80. [Article] [DOI]
Heidari S. Thermal comfort temperature of people of Tehran. Iran. jounal of fine arts-Architectural and urbanisim. 2011(38). https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=97328 [Article]
میرمعصومی فروغ السادات، صلواتی مرتضی، احمدی فرهاد. ﻣﺴﮑﻦ ﺳﺒﺰ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، اﻧﻌﮑﺎس ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪﺳﺎزی ﻣﺼﺮف اﻧﺮژی ﺑﺮ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ. نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی. ۱۳۹۷؛۸(۳):۲۰۴-۱۹۵. [Article] [DOI]
Humphreys MA. Clothing and comfort of secondary school children in summertime. Thermal comfort and moderate heat stress, proceedings of CIB commission W45 (Human Requirements).London. 1972. [Article]
نادی محمد رضا، ملک حسینی عباس، صالحی حسین، فتحی نجف آبادی احمد. تامین آسایش حرارتی فضای معماری در اقلیم گرم و خشک ایران با بهره مندی از رفتار حرارتی زمین (مطالعه موردی: استفاده از زمین در خانه‌های سنتی مناطق گرم و خشک ایران). فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی. 1393؛6(3):162-178. [Article]
Humphreys, M. A. Field studies of thermal comfort compared and applied. Building Service Engineer.1976; 44: 5-27. [Article]
نخعی نسرین, انصاری مجتبی, زندیه مهدی. الگوی باززنده سازی منظر باغ‌های تاریخی ایرانی در مناطق گرم و خشک بر مبنای اصول خشک منظر سازی. فصلنامه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست. 1395؛18(3): 289-301. [Article]
Nicol F. Thermal comfort: a handbook for field studies toward an adaptive model. London: University of East London; 1993.
هود سیده‌دل‌افروز، محمودی‌زرندی مهناز، کامیابی سعید. اﺳﺘﻘﺮاریاﺑﯽ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﺳﺎیبانﻫﺎی ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎی دوﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف دﺳﺖیاﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎیش ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ در اﻗﻠﯿﻢ ﮔﺮم. نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی. ۱۳۹۷؛۸ (۳):۱۷۷-۱۷۱. [Article] [DOI]
Zomorodian ZS, Aminian S, Tahbaz M. Thermal Comfort Assessment in Classrooms in the Hot and Dry Climate of Iran Field Survey in a Primary School of Kashan. Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba: Memary Va Shahrsazi. 2017 Feb 19;21(4):17-28. 10.22059/jfaup.2017.61653
Yao R, Liu J, Li B. Occupants’ adaptive responses and perception of thermal environment in naturally conditioned university classrooms. Applied Energy. 2010 Mar 1;87(3):1015-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.09.028
ter Mors S, Hensen JL, Loomans MG, Boerstra AC. Adaptive thermal comfort in primary school classrooms: Creating and validating PMV-based comfort charts. Building and Environment. 2011 Dec 1;46(12):2454-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.05.025
Hussein I, Rahman. M.H.A. Field study on thermal comfort in Malaysia.2009. dsdsdsshttp://dspace.uniten.edu.my/jspui/handle/123456789/6457
DeDear R, Brager G, Cooper D. Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference: final report [on] ASHRAE RP-884. Macquarie Research Limited; 1997.
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qq2p9c6.
de Dear R, Fountain M. Field experiments on occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a hot-humid climate.1994. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/97n1d8hd
Auliciems A. Towards a psycho-physiological model of thermal perception. International journal of biometeorology. 1981 Jun 1;25(2):109-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02184458
Auliciems A. Airconditioning in Australia III—thermobile controls. Architectural Science Review. 1990 Jun 1;33(2):43-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.1990.9696669
Veitch R, Arkkelin D. Environmental psychology: An interdisciplinary perspective. Pearson College Division; 1995.
Nikolopoulou M, Steemers K. Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces. Energy and Buildings. 2003 Jan 1;35(1):95-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00084-1
Oseland N.A., Humphreys M.A., Nicol J.F., Baker N.V., Parsons K.C. Building design and management for thermal comfort: BRE Client Report CR 203/98, Building Research Establishment Ltd, Watford, United Kingdom.1998.
Haldi F, Robinson D. On the behaviour and adaptation of office occupants. Building and environment. 2008 Dec 1;43(12):2163-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.01.003
Parsons K. Human thermal environments: the effects of hot, moderate, and cold environments on human health, comfort, and performance. CRC press; 2014 Apr 9.
Jung W, Jazizadeh F. Human-in-the-loop HVAC operations: A quantitative review on occupancy, comfort, and energy-efficiency dimensions. Applied Energy. 2019 Apr 1;239:1471-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.070
Stazi F, Naspi F. Triggers for Users’ Behaviours. InImpact of Occupants' Behaviour on Zero-Energy Buildings 2018 (pp. 19-29). Springer, Cham.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71867-5_4
Pisello AL, Castaldo VL, Piselli C, Fabiani C, Cotana F. How peers’ personal attitudes affect indoor microclimate and energy need in an institutional building: Results from a continuous monitoring campaign in summer and winter conditions. Energy and Buildings. 2016 Aug 15;126:485-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.05.053
Andersen RV, Toftum J, Andersen KK, Olesen BW. Survey of occupant behaviour and control of indoor environment in Danish dwellings. Energy and Buildings. 2009 Jan 1;41(1):11-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.07.004
Steemers K, Manchanda S. Energy efficient design and occupant well-being: Case studies in the UK and India. Building and environment. 2010 Feb 1;45(2):270-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.08.025
Howard-Reed C, Wallace LA, Ott WR. The effect of opening windows on air change rates in two homes. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2002 Feb 1;52(2):147-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2002.10470775
Schweiker M, Haldi F, Shukuya M, Robinson D. Verification of stochastic models of window opening behaviour for residential buildings. Journal of Building Performance Simulation. 2012 Jan 1;5(1):55-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2011.567422
Nakaya T, Matsubara N, Kurazumi Y. Use of occupant behaviour to control the indoor climate in Japanese residences. InProceedings of conference: Air Conditioning and the Low Carbon Cooling Challenge, Windsor, UK 2008 Jul 27 (pp. 27-29). http://nceub.org.uk.
Roetzel A, Tsangrassoulis A, Dietrich U, Busching S. A review of occupant control on natural ventilation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2010 Apr 1;14(3):1001-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.11.005
Hetherington J, Roetzel A, Fuller R. The impact of occupant behaviour on residential greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Journal of Green Building. 2015;10(4):127-40. https://doi.org/10.3992/jgb.10.4.127
Heidari S. Thermal comfort in Iranian courtyard housing (Doctoral dissertation, University of Sheffield).2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10239/
Nasrollahi N, Hatami M, Khastar SR, Taleghani M. Numerical evaluation of thermal comfort in traditional courtyards to develop new microclimate design in a hot and dry climate. Sustainable cities and society. 2017 Nov 1;35:449-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.08.017
Heidari S. Thermal Adaptation in Architecture; First Step of Energy Saving. City: University of Tehran Press. 2014.
Heidari S, Sharples S. A comparative analysis of short-term and long-term thermal comfort surveys in Iran. Energy and Buildings. 2002 Jul 1;34(6):607-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00011-7
Hashemi Rafsanjani L, Heidari S. Evaluating adaptive thermal comfort in residential buildings in hot-arid climates Case study: Kerman province. Journal of Architecture in Hot and Dry climate. 2018; 6(7):43-65. 10.29252/ahdc.2018.1422
Giamalaki M, Kolokotsa D. Understanding the thermal experience of elderly people in their residences: Study on thermal comfort and adaptive behaviors of senior citizens in Crete, Greece. Energy and Buildings. 2019 Feb 15;185:76-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.12.025
Heydarian A, McIlvennie C, Arpan L, Yousefi S, Syndicus M, Schweiker M, Jazizadeh F, Rissetto R, Pisello AL, Piselli C, Berger C. What drives our behaviors in buildings? A review on occupant interactions with building systems from the lens of behavioral theories. Building and Environment. 2020 May 13:106928.